Motivation in the Business World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3923 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Motivation is the factors that determine the grounds for engagement in a particular behavior by a person or persons. It attached with the beginning, route, the level of involvement and the sustaining at a particular level of behavior of a person. The grounds for a particular behavior may include the determinants which are varying from basic human needs to higher level of social needs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Motivation in the Business World" essay for you Create order Motivation can be reflected through the energy and commitment of the individual or group to perform a certain task or tasks (Joseph 1989). The employee motivation is a crucial factor for every business at a same or sometimes at a higher level with compared to other businesses. It affects the every aspects of the business. The basic level of the motivation is reflected by the hard working work force. At this stage the productivity will be high and hence the cost of labor per unit will be reduced. However the mere improvements in productivity will not be the single factor that a firm can achieve by motivating its workforce. Motivated employees are performing to a high standard level of performance where favorable impacts over the customer satisfaction and the shareholder value can be gained. The motivated employees are less likely to engage in industrial actions or such other violence actions against the company. The employee conflicts and grievances may lower. Further the motivated employees would work effectively under minimum supervision. They will be enthusiastically learning new things relating to their jobs that would enhance the quality of performance. Building or creating motivated employee force is a difficult task by which a high amount of effort and money are absorbed. More importantly the culture, leadership style and the management style affect the employee motivation. Therefore the motivated employee force is becoming a competitive source to the company. There are various theories that are built regarding employee motivation. Various philosophers have presented various models on employee motivation. Their efforts and numerous case studies on this topic show the importance of the subject matter to the todays business context. This assignment will present an introduction of those theories and the practice of those theories in the todays business environment with relevant case studies. Motivation Theories There are several theories of motivation of various philosophers such as Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzbergs Two Factor Theory, Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y, Kurt Lewins Force Field Theory, Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory, F.W. Taylors Scientific Management, etc. At lower levels of the Maslows hierarchy of Needs theory the monetary benefits are considered to be the motivation factor. At the higher level of the hierarchy factors such as social respect, recognition, sense of belonging and empowerment are powerful than the monetary factor of motivation. Accordingly Maslow suggested that the money is a lowest important factor as a motivator of employees. McGregor has included money in his Theory X category and explained it as a poor motivator and in theory Y category he has placed social recognition and praise suggesting that they are strong motivators other than money. This section of the assignment will present explanations of those important theories o f motivation before understand the practical usage of those theories to generate a motivated workforce (Werther and Davis 1985). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory This theory composed of two parts; classification of human needs and relating classes to each other. The classes of needs are as follows. The theory explains the order of the fulfilling needs as follows. Person begin from the bottom line of the hierarchy and will try to satisfy the very basic physical needs of hunger, thirsty, shelter, etc. When he has satisfied these needs then they are not motivators further. Hence he moves upward of the hierarchy. Then the person would seek for the safety at work, job security, etc to ensure his survival at workplace. Having ensured that he is safe his curiosity then will search for social needs such as belongingness, love, friendships, etc. the person would seek for colleagues to work with, share information, team work, communication, etc. Then the esteem needs will come forward. This is the need for being praised, given recognition or evaluation for a job well-done. The people normally seek for respect of others while sharing th e happy and sorrow. Self-actualization is the way a person perceives himself. It measured by the extent of success and the amount of challenge of work. There are several problems attached with this model where as it has greater potential to appeal in the business world such as, It is no clear when would be a certain level is considered as satisfied Individuals may respond differently regarding the same need Sometimes individual behavior reflects the reaction for more than one need Model has ignored several conditions such as bearing a low-pay by an employee expecting future benefits Some critics argue that this model explain the behavior of middle-class workers in UK and USA (Forshaw and Korn 2010) Herzbergs Two Factor Theory This is a content theory of motivation whereas the main theory is the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs. Herzberg carried out a research utilizing 200 engineers and accountants. They were asked to memorize the situations when that they felt positive or negative feelings at their job and the reasons there of. According to his findings he presented a two-steps approach to understand employee motivation and satisfaction which are called as Hygiene factors and Motivator factors. There are several factors that can be used to eliminate the unpleasant working conditions at work. These fcators are called a Hygeine factors. These factors may include one or all of the following factors. Working conditions Company policies Administration Quality and the way of supervision Eetent of inter-personal relationships Salaries, wages and other financial benefits The job security The individuals need for personal growth determines the motivaor factors of the particular person. Motivator factors actively create job satisfaction when they exist. If those factors are effective then the individuals performance would be of above-average. The motivator factors may, Opportunity for growth in the job Entrusted responsibility Social status Recognition among others Challenging work Sense of achievement (Stephen 2002) Herzberg model more identical to the Maslows theory yet it focus specially on the higher levels of the hierarchy of needs. The factors in the lower level of the hierarchy are considered as generating dissatisfaction only when they are not met with. Motivator factors are specific to the job itself such as how interesting the work is and how much of responsibility whether it assumes. The hygiene factors are considering the factors that are related to the environment of the job such as the safety working environment and the resources to complete the job assigned. These factors facilitate or able the employees to perform the job rather motivate to do the job with an extra effort and interest. Herzberg identified pay as a Hygiene factor. According to his theory the businesses are required to adopt the democratic approaches to motivate employees. These approaches may include one or more of the followings. Job Enlargement: Employees are given a range of tasks that are in various areas of the business or fields. However these tasks must not assume much responsibility if so the motivation to the tasks would less. Job Enrichment: this assigns the employees with more complex tasks which are attached with the completion of full work unit. The tasks will be of more challenging and interesting. And at the end the employee will feel a sense of achievement. Employee Empowerment: Here the employees are delegated with more power to make decisions on the areas attached to their jobs. The responsibility of the decisions made also to be held by them. (Musselwhite 2004) F.W. Taylors Scientific Management Taylor has formed several assumptions about the human behavior at work base on observations of the research he carried out participating US steelworkers. Man is a rational economic animal who concerned with maximizing his economic growth. People respond as individuals and not as groups. People can be treated as standardized machines Taylor simply described that the motivation factor of people at work is money. He suggested that the pay based on the rates produced by an each worker will induce him to produce more and more to earn more. Further the employees who do not achieve target of a daily production should be paid less in order to induce them to meet daily target. And the employees who exceed the target production should be paid more to induce them to keep that productivity and to motivate others. Accordingly managers job is to tell the employees what to do and the employees target is to complete that and to be paid according to their production (Tripathi 1991) W hen presenting this theory Taylor has ignored that there are many individual differences which would affect the motivator factors of the employees. However his methods were highly implemented by the business world which experienced a higher productivity and lower unit cost. It also gave the beginning kick to the mass production. Workers were unhappy with the Taylors methods since it assigned them with boring, repetitive work that required them to effort greatly to maximize the earnings. The employees were treated as machines and business people redounded employees as the productivity grew. These situations lead many industrial disputes and industrial actions by the workers (Mathis and Jackson 2000). This model is closely related with the autocratic leadership style. Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y This theory presents two extremes of the behavior of people at work as theory X and theory Y. No individual would be necessarily categorized into one category but the whole behaviors will be in between the ends of X and Y. The characteristics of the two categories are as follows. Theory X Workers Theory Y Workers Dislike Work and avoid working as much as possible Who are lackof ambition Willing to be led by someone else than taking risk Highly seek for security and self-survival Managers will have to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment to achieve the business objectives through such employees Highly interested in working and enjoy it Interested in taking risks and responsibilities Like to try new things and take challenges Work is considered as a source of satisfaction or punishment depending on the working conditions The management would face a challenge of creating a working environment that enable these employees to show their creativity and responsibility Elton Mayo Mayo suggested that employees are not mere considering the money and can be better motivated by giving them the opportunity to meet the social needs of the individuals. This is the Human Relationship Scholl of thought by which the managers are focused on considering more about the peoples relationship aspect understanding the how workers enjoy interactions. Mayos theory based on the extended research carried out in the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago. From that research Mayo came into conclusion that employees can be better motivated by; Effective communication among managers and workers Greater manager involvement in employees working life Working in groups or teams Accordingly it is suggested that the greater use of team work, high involvement of managers in the workers working life, and encouraged two way communication would be benefiting the companies. The Mayos theory is more closely running with the paternalistic management style. ( www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Definition_Employee_Motivation.html(Accessed on 03/05/2011) Role of Other Factors It is highly considered that the way of motivating employees is the financial rewards. However there are many other aspects of the scenario that would be considered by the managers and executives to motivate their subordinates. The factors would be different on the individual basis which will need to put more effort into their work. Such factors may include followings. Organization Culture The organizational culture has a direct relationship with the employees performance and level of motivation. If the elements of the culture fit with individuals background, values, beliefs, norms and expectations then the employees are automatically willing to work in the organization. If the corporate culture is built on the teamwork, encouragement, collaboration, evaluation, then the employees is likely to be motivated to put more efforts to bring the organizational objectives accomplished. More often employees seek for their leaders direction and support, and at the same time they look for the collaboration of teammates and co-workers (Werther, Davis, Shwind, Das and Miner 1985). Relationship with Leaders The leadership style can be significantly influence the motivation of employees. The qualities of the leader will determine the extent to which the e employees are contributed to the organization. If the leader is unfair, do not provide clear instructions, and negatively look at the things then the employees will lose their desire to work hard to accomplish the goals. The organizations leaders must communicate with its employees openly so that the employees are clear about the things that they are required to do. (Source: https://tutor2u.net.business/people/motivation, (Accessed on 01/05/2011) Management Style The organizational culture, the situation and the expectations and personality of the subordinates will determine the suitable style of a manager. The characteristics of the managers style would be of no fit with the changes in the organization and the cultural changes accompanied by that change. As an example in past the authoritarian style of the managers was appreciated with the bureaucratic organizations, but today the interest is more focused on participative or empowered managers who admire the democratic policies of management. Many of the management theories are supporting the that sort of management styles such as Total Quality Management, Management by Objective, employee empowerment, self-managed work teams, etc. A comprehensive review of the management styles and their contribution to motivated work force will be presented below. Management Style Description Contribution to Motivated Work Force Participative Management Share information with employees and participate them in the decision making process Employees are entrusted with the responsibility of running their own departments and determine the appropriate policies and procedures Not suitable to adapted by every organizations and at every levels This is a remedy to the poor morale and low productivity that gain the results very soon to the organization Redistributed power will enhance the willingness to work If the culture supports and if the employees are competent enough then the participation will result in effective decisions and productive operations. Giving the employees recognition as they are important as the mangers and the stakeholders will satisfy their esteem needs. Theory X and Theory Y These theories are based on several assumptions. It explains two extremes of the involvement and utilizing efforts and energy to accomplish tasks by the employees Theory X explains the negative side of the performance and theory Y represents the positive side of the performance Considering the poor performance as the total fault of the employee by Theory X and therefore employees are motivated by the extrinsic rewards such as money, promotion, appraises, etc. The low productivity is considered as the fault of the management. Theory Z It represents the good characteristics of the both Japanese management and the Western management styles. The theory has combined those features of the management at every level of the organizations. The characteristics of this theory included long-term employment, less specialized career path, group decision making, informal control, etc. Concerns the all levels of needs of the employees. Concerning the employee well-being satisfies the physical and security needs of the employees. Team work and group decision making satisfy the social needs Encouragement to take risks and responsibilities will satisfy the higher level of needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization Management By Walking Around Managers can gather as much as possible information regarding the policies, procedures, employee matters, and other work related information Manager can maintain proper relationship with employees so that he would be considered as a counselor or advisor by the employees Leaving decision making responsibility with the employees will achieve the fastest response time Close relationship with manager will let the employees to present their suggestions, complaints and grievances as soon as they occur Self-Managed Work Teams This is a derivation of the employee empowerment The teams will comprise of about 10-15 employees who require minimum supervision Delegates the authority to decide on simple work related aspects such as how to spend money, what work to undertaken, etc Total Quality Management The all functions of the management are integrated to achieve a high quality product Quality is the responsibility of all employees and teamwork The customer satisfaction is highly recognized Recognition is given from CEO to lower level employees to maintain quality Shared commitment to achieve the organizational objectives Encourages employees to grow, learn and participate in the business operations actively Encourages the continuing change and adaptation to the changing environment Management by objective Employees are participated in the establishing goals and objectives Overall organizational objectives are converted into employee objectives Steps are setting goals, participative decision making, implementing plans and performance feedback High involvement of the employees in decision making and goal setting related to their jobs Managers are empowered to implement, control their plans and performance. This motivate the managers to work hard for the company Periodical review of the employees performance will give the employees a sense of completion and will let them know what the areas to be improved more are. This will induce them to take more efforts to achieve the goals established with their participation Employee Empowerment The organization structures are change and the decision making is lapsed with the lowest levels of the organization The objectives of the empowerment is to speed up the decision making and giving solutions to problems regarding the business operations, give employees the opportunity to grow, and to lower organizational cost to managers by assigning them to various other projects Employees will be trained to take high responsibilities and make more accurate, effective decisions quickly A sense of belongingness of the work they are engaged in will generate within the employees They think that the company is their own one and work hard to attain day-to-day work successfully www.ehow.com/about 5387352 definition-employee-motivation.html, (Accessed on 02/05/2011) The managers are obliged to select the suitable style for managing their subordinates and work which is suited to them, their subordinated personalities and general characteristics, the department they are ass igned with and in general to the whole organizational setting and its culture. Management style highly correlated with the level of performance of the employees and outcome of the operations under their control. Managers must be delegated with the certain amount of authority and then their role becomes a nature of a leader. Then he must use suitable leadership traits to motivate and direct their subordinates to achieve the departmental/organizational objectives or outcome (Mathis and Jackson 2000). Reward System A properly designed reward system must be there in the organization by which the employees can attain such benefits. Employees must have the confidence that they can be rewarded with established performance criteria of the job. Further the rewards must be fairly distributed so that the employees can clearly identified that there is no any discrepancy over them. If the rewards are based on the performance evaluation procedure then all processes may transparent and the employees must clearly see that the evaluations are put on regularly and fairly (Joseph 1989) Job Title The job title will give the respective employee an idea about his role within the company, the extent to which he can contribute the accomplishment of organizational objectives. When the employees are aware about their importance to the organization they are automatically motivated to work hard to make their job effective (Deming 1986) Monetary Benefits Whether the money is being derecognized as a positive motivator it has proven to be more effective in practice. Selecting the right remuneration package for the employees is a challenge for nowadays. A number of ways are in use to motivate employees over their work such as; Time-rate pay Peace-rate pay Performance related pay Shares and share options Bonuses Commissions Pension There are several aspects of money to be an important motivator such as; Pay helps to satisfy many other needs of person such as esteem needs, safety needs, etc It is an important cost to the company It helps to attract competent employees It helps to retain skilled and competent employees It is subjected to various legislations such as National Minimum Wage (Cherrington 1994) Motivation in Practice Case Examples The Tesco Plc The UK giant retailer, Tesco Plc has provided its large workforce to join the company as prospective shareholders. Staff is enabled to be a part of the Tescos profit by share allocation based on their performance. The number of shares allocated to each employee is determined by the number of days worked in an each period. The Department of Education The UK Departmental Education Sector is in the view that the teachers pay must be linked to their performance. In 2002 the British government introduces a performance based bonus scheme to give rise to the teachers pay and to retain the existing staff and to attract new staff to the teaching sector. Nuclear Decommissioning Authority The NDA has utilized many theoretical perspectives of the employee motivation to motivate its employees. The NDA Way shows that several phenomena which is based on the fulfillment of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as follows. Always acting safely and responsibly Building talent and teams Challenging themselves Learning from experience Being open and transparent Confronting problems Delivering whet they promised The NDA implemented the strategies like job enrichment, job enlargement, and job rotation, empowerment to effectively affect the employees motivation to carry out the organizational objectives effectively and efficiently. Its focus was to ensure that the employees are acquiring a range of skills and proficiency making the work is more interesting and challenging. Further the company introduced the flexibility into the workforce. The NDA involved in wide range of projects which are each project is of a unique challenge. Hence the authority required peop le with flexible people to work in teams and willing to learn continually and to take responsibility. Their team work and relationships were based on the Mayos Human Relations School of motivation. The NDA build relationships on a win-win basis. The staff encouraged to build necessary skills and competencies to adapt the variety of the work involved by the authority. The employees are delegated with Personal Development plans with SMART objectives and provide the path to professional development as well. Conclusion Motivation is crucial factor of the success of the organization these days. There are various theories have been presented by various philosophers regarding the motivation of employees. Management, leadership, and organizational culture are key determinants among the factors affecting employee motivation. Every job has the probability of motivation or demotivation the employee. Motivation affects the every aspects of the business and strongly affects the level of productivity. Whether some philosophers have considered money as a low motivator it has a high influence of persons life and hence still it is valid as motivator. The reward system, job title, periodical performance reviews can also be considered as motivators. Many organizations have adapted the teachings of theories like Mayo, McGregor to create a motivated employee force. A motivated employee force would benefit the company by lowering the unit cost, high productivity, maintaining quality, etc. the motivation is s imply the work harder to accomplish the organizational goals effectively and efficiently by its workforce. Only a motivated workforce will be able to bring the organization to a successful position in the todays dynamic competitive market environment.

Why Truman Chose to Drop the Atomic Bomb - 895 Words

Americas decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan was only done to assert our position over the Soviet Union, and Japans surrender was only an extra accomplishment of the attack. During the years 1939 to 1947, numerous conferences were held to discuss diplomatic matters, and the strive towards getting Japan to accept an unconditional surrender. The Japanese had already been weakened, and the military predicted that they would eventually be forced to surrender in a short amount of time. Even the scientists who worked on the atomic bomb agreed that it was unnecessary to drop the bomb on Japan, since their surrender would be evident in the near future. Therefore, the United States decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan had nothing to do†¦show more content†¦The atomic scientists also agreed that dropping the atomic bomb had nothing to do with the surrender of Japan. By this time in the war, Japan was essentially already defeated. (Doc. F) James Byrnes , an atomic scientist, argued that dropping the bomb needed to be done in order to limit Russias influence and power in Europe. Other scientists also agreed that the bomb was used to shorten the length, casualties, and costs of the war. (Doc. H) If the war had carried on, and the atomic bomb had not been used, it is predicted that monetary costs would have skyrocketed. Although Japan was already on the brink of surrender, getting them to do so would have cost a large amount of money. Dropping the bomb on Japan was done in order to ultimately decrease the cost of the war. Japans unconditional surrender was not the main goal of the atomic bomb, it was to instill fear in the Soviet Union, and put the United States in the top diplomatic position among the great powers. The American government, and military agreed that a Japanese surrender was evident in the near future. The atomic scientists also justified that Japans surrender was only an extra accomplishment, and the primary goal of the bomb was to intimidate Russian forces, and lessen their power in Europe. Overall, dropping the atomic bomb was purely a diplomaticShow MoreRelatedHarry Trumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb1314 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? A. Plan of Investigation Research Question: To what extent was Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? This investigation assesses President Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It will determine whether or not his decision was justified. This investigation will scrutinize the reasons that made Harry Truman feel inclined to drop atomic bombs overRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima, Japan, And The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States dropped the first of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima, Japan. 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International Relation of South East Asia

Question: Write an essay on "International Relation of South East Asia". Answer: Learning from Mie Oba paper The ASEAN Countries are eager to create a regional community of their own, since the First ASEAN Summit, held in 1976 (Oba 2014). The Declaration of the ASEAN Concord stated that the member states should strive to develop a regional identity of their own and contribute fully towards creating a strong foundation of the ASEAN community (Oba 2014). After a series of Concords and Summits, it was decided that the creation of an independent ASEAN community should be made, to maintain prosperity and stability in the South East Asian region (Oba 2014). The ASEAN countries are aiming to create a true community with universal values (like democracy, protection of human rights, establishing a set of rules and others) (Oba 2014). The creation of a separate region for South East Asia is in the top priority lists of ASEAN and consists of three pillars, namely Economic, Political and Security and Socio-Cultural. (Oba 2014) Learning from Zakaria Bin Ahmed Paper The Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) celebrated its 40th year anniversary with demonstrated magnitude of peace and least possibilities of a war like situation (Ahmad 2012). The ASEAN Charter has made propositions for unique ideas for the community building purpose, keeping in mind the mid-life crisis of the association (Ahmad 2012). The dilemma deals with the idea of expanding the ASEAN beyond the boundaries of South East Asia to engage with China's exponential growth and the steady development of the Indian Subcontinent (Ahmad 2012). There should be an understanding of the driving force of ASEAN, particularly for the founder countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore (Ahmad 2012). These nations represent the continental and maritime activities of the region and are the key drivers of ASEAN. The ASEAN is considered as significantly larger than the parts of its individual components (Ahmad 2012). There is more emphasis on ASEAN regionalism, on the completion of 40 years. There are sense and initiative for the achievement of "One Southeast Asia" (Ahmad 2012). Learning from Donald Weatherbee paper There is a significant level of cooperation between the South East Asia nations and the ASEAN. Indonesia undertook the chairmanship of ASEAN during the period 2009-2011 and the stewardship of the country was praised for meeting the challenges of community building (Weatherbee 2012). The activist agenda of Jakarta helped ASEAN to achieve peaceful, prosperous and democratic community by the year 2015 (Weatherbee 2012). The Bali Concord III, initiated by Indonesia, attempted to lead the decision making activities of ASEAN on international matters. There was a tendency of South East Asia to include the United States and China for playing specialised roles (Weatherbee 2012). China could act as the economic partner and America could act as the security provider, safeguarding the peace of the region. There was a level of tension in the quality of government in Myanmar (Weatherbee 2012). In 2014, Myanmar was rewarded the chairmanship of the group by ASEAN. There was a rising dilemma with the South China Sea and the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) (Weatherbee 2012). The region about the South East Asia is unique and different from other Asian regions in several ways (Acharya 2014). The region is heterogeneous in nature with different religions and different forms of government. The region has huge wealth disparities and underlying social, economic and demographic characteristics of the South East regions economies (Acharya 2014). The economies of the region are at different levels of economic and industrial development with different GDP per capita (Acharya 2014). The two powers in the region namely China and Japan have a long-term political, economic and cultural influence on the South East Asia nations (Acharya 2014). The integration process of regional development and the industrialisation of the South East Asia are closely interconnected (Acharya 2014). There have been rapid changes in the trends of regionalism in South East Asia. The future would witness a lot of new initiatives applied to an increasing portion of this particular region (Ac harya 2014). The term regionalism deals with the preferential trade liberalisation or certain discriminatory trade liberalisation since the term discrimination is often synonymous with preference (Krishna 2013). There are certain obstacles concerning the regionalism of South East Asia (Krishna 2013). The agriculture is the central problem as it is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the developing countries included in the South East region (Krishna 2013). The South East region displays the highest rate of growth in the intra-regional trade. The region is transforming itself into an important source of imports and not only exports (Krishna 2013). The future of the regionalism of South East Asia believes that each country should cooperate with each other and imbibe values such as national sovereignty, peaceful resolution of conflicts and non-intervention in the domestic politics (Dent 2013). There are several roadways which have led to the formation of Roadmap for the ASEAN community (Oba 2014). The roadmaps consist of IAI Work Plan, ASCC Blueprint and APSC Blueprint. The creation of an ASEAN community was proposed by the 1976 Declaration of ASEAN Concord (Sukma 2014). There is an emerging proposition for creating a regional community, with a specific vision. The future of the regionalism of South East Asia looks promising if there is an adoption of the right approach (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). The identity of the South East region should be developed. There is a greater need for appreciation of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and its success should be valued (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). The countries should provide their full assistance to SAARC as this association has led to several gains. The regional objectives should be prioritised and streamlined with the national priorities (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). There is a need of sensitization of the Functional Ministries, for understanding the importance of the regional cooperation (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). The physical and the virtual connectivity of the South East Asian region need to be developed so that it addresses the needs of the less developed countries (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). References Acharya, A., 2014.Constructing a security community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order. Routledge. Ahmad, Zakaria Bin. (2012). ASEAN beyond 40. East Asia 29(2), 157-166. Asfa, R. and Ahmed, M., 2015. PROSPECTS OF REGIONALISM: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SAARC AND ASEAN.Asia Pacific-Annual Research Journal of Far East South East Asia,33. Dent, C.M., 2013. Paths ahead for East Asia and AsiaPacific regionalism.International Affairs,89(4), pp.963-985. Krishna, P., 2013. Preferential trade agreements and the world trade system: a multilateralist view. InGlobalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century(pp. 131-160). University of Chicago Press. Oba, Mie. (2014). ASEAN and the Creation of a Regional Community. Asia-Pacific Review 21(1),63-78. Sukma, R., 2014. ASEAN beyond 2015: The imperatives for further institutional changes.ERIA Discussion Paper. Jakarta: Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. Weatherbee, Donald. (2012). Southeast Asia and ASEAN: Running in Place. Southeast Asian Affairs, 3-22.

Setting Content Engagement KPI Goals Beyond Pageviews

One of the most important parts of content marketing is figuring out works and what doesn’t for your audience. Effective content leads to more awareness, loyal customers, sales and revenue over the longer term. But over half of marketers cite measuring the effectiveness of their content as their biggest challenge. To help determine if your content is working, I’ve put together a list of some of the most important metrics to track. Why Shouldn’t I Just Look at Pageviews Your pageviews measure your content’s performance, but those numbers tell you more about traffic than actual engagement. There are several other KPIs that can give you a significantly more accurate picture of how well your content resonates with your audience. What Metrics Should I Look At? Bounce rate: This KPI is defined as the percentage of website visitors who leave without viewing any of your other content. A high bounce rate for your website means that visitors are not finding a compelling reason to stick around. Many factors could lead to a high bounce rate: Your pages might load slowly Your content may not align well with the keywords you’ve chosen Your content isn’t easy to skim through or understand Your site’s navigation could use improvement You don’t give them a reason or opportunity to look at more content Dwell time: This refers to the amount of time a user spends on a page. The more time visitors spend on your content, the more it is likely to be resonating with them. Boosting dwell time requires many of the same tactics needed to improve your bounce rate: producing better-quality content improving site navigation suggesting recommended content in an effort to get visitors to read something else Pages per visit: The average number of pages per visit is another good way to measure how compelling your overall content is. Well-written, engaging content should inspire visitors to keep clicking and reading. This metric can also be impacted by your site’s navigation. Social shares: Tracking your content’s social shares is essential. In a survey of nearly 400 SEO professionals, this metric was voted as the most important KPI in content marketing. Social shares are a great way to measure your content’s reach, with each share making it more likely that key influencers and prospects will see your content. Another benefit of social shares is that they promote buzz around your content. People are more likely to assume a piece is important and worth reading when someone they know has already signed off on it. Likes and comments: When users take the time to interact with your content, especially by commenting on it, it’s a clear indicator of engagement. They want to be part of the community and conversation surrounding the content. Content that’s being actively commented on attracts other readers to join the conversation and adds value for both your brand and audience. There are many ways to measure the effectiveness of a content marketing campaign. Although pageviews are a commonly quoted metric, they only reveal one piece of the puzzle. Using a wide range of KPIs will give you a better picture of how users respond to and interact with your content and how it is contributing to you reaching your content goals. Interested in learning more about business blogging? Check out How to Launch and Grow a Successful Business Blog

Quotes About the Rwandan Genocide

Quotes About the Rwandan Genocide The First Genocide 1959–61 around 100,000 Tutsis were massacred in Rwanda in what is known as the Hutu revolution, approximately one-third of the Tutsi population. The most horrible and systematic human massacre we have had occasion to witness since the extermination of the Jews by the Nazis.British Philosopher Bertrand Russell in 1964, as quoted in A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwandas Genocide by Linda Melvern, 2000. Seldom in history has a once-dominant group suffered so terrible a reversal of fortune as the Tutsi of Rwanda.British Historian Robin Hallett, Africa Since 1875, 1974. The Second Genocide In 1994 approximately 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu moderates were hacked to death in a carefully organized program of genocide. It continues to be a controversial event because of the apparent indifference of the international community to the plight of the Tutsi. How the World Responded If the pictures of tens of thousands of human bodies being gnawed on by dogs do not wake us out of our apathy, I do not know what will.Undersecretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan in 1994, as quoted in The East Africa 18 March 1996. Rwanda is clinically dead as a nation.Nigerian Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka, Los Angeles Times, 11 May 1994. The horror of Rwanda is too high a price to pay for a very vaporous and whimsical notion of what constitutes inviolable territorial boundaries. Nigerian Nobel Literature Laureate Wole Soyinka, Los Angeles Times, 11 May 1994. All notions of sovereignty with respect to Rwanda should be completely forgotten and we should just go in and stop the killing.Nigerian Nobel Literature Laureate Wole Soyinka, Los Angeles Times, 11 May 1994. The OAU [Organisation of African Unity] was nowhere to be found †¦ during the 1994 Rwandan genocide against the Tutsis, the OAU was furiously doing the watutsi* in Addis Ababa [Ethiopia].Ghanaian Economist George Ayittey, in Africa in Chaos, 1998.* Watutsi is a synonym of Tutsi, but also the name of a dance. The whole world failed Rwanda†¦Words attributed to UN staff members under Secretary-General Kofi Annan, reported by Philip Gourevitch in Annals of Diplomacy: The Genocide Fax, New Yorker, 11 May 1998. In such countries, genocide is not too important†¦Words attributed to French President Francois Mitterand, reported by Philip Gourevitch in Reversing the Reversals of War, The New Yorker, 26 April 1999. On Dealing With the Perpetrators The international community must hand them – and the sooner the better. The crime was capital and the punishment must be capital.President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, from a speech at the Conflict in Africa Conference, Arusha, Tanzania, as reported in New Vision, 11 February 1998.

How to Get Into Columbia 3 Key Tips

How to Get Into Columbia 3 Key Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Columbia University is a prestigious school, not just because of its low acceptance rate or high starting salary for graduates. It’s one of the oldest colleges in the US, and has had huge numbers of well-known graduates, including Founding Fathers, famous directors, and politicians. Like any Ivy League, Columbia is a place for both education and networking, creating a solid foundation and social circle for your future career. But first, you have to know how to get into Columbia. And with a school and selective as Columbia, that’s going to be difficult- but not impossible. Follow this guide to get your college application in shape for a Columbia acceptance! What Should I Know About Columbia? If you’re reading this, you probably already know that people want to go to Columbia because it’s a prestigious college with a long and important history. It’s an Ivy League school, granting it a reputation of academic excellence; with a degree for Columbia on your resume and the connections you make there, you’ll have an edge in the job market. Columbia is also one of the most selective colleges in the United States. Only Harvard and Stanford have lower acceptance rates, so you’ll be competing for spots with some of the brightest minds in the country. Columbia students tend to major in STEM programs like Engineering or Computer Sciences, with around eight percent more students choosing a STEM degree as their first choice than choosing Arts, Humanities, or Social Science.But Columbia is also the alma mater of many prominent artistic figures- Kerouac, Ginsberg, Katherine Bigelow, Langston Hughes, and Art Garfunkel, to name a few. It’s ranked as the top college for English studies, second best for performing arts, and second for philosophy- despite enrolling slightly more STEM undergrads, Columbia is by no means exclusively a STEM-focused college. Its Arts and Social Sciences departments are highly regarded, and students shouldn’t feel like pursuing something other than a STEM field puts them at a disadvantage. Enrollment will be competitive no matter what, so if you want to go to Columbia, apply! Don't let fear of rejection stop you from applying! How Hard Is It to Get Into Columbia? Columbia’s low acceptance rate is part of why it’s such a prestigious school. If it was easy to get in, it wouldn’t carry so much academic and social clout! Reported rates vary from year to year, but you can be that the acceptance rate in a given year will be 6 percent or lower.For the class of 2022, Columbia reported an acceptance rate of 5.5 percent, so just about six students for every 100 applicants will receive a treasured acceptance letter. Because Columbia considers applications holistically, every part of the application matters. Good standardized test scores and an excellent grade point average are essential, but don’t make the mistake of assuming your chance of acceptance is based entirely on those two factors. What GPA and SAT/ACT Scores Do I Need to Get Into Columbia? Columbia is an Ivy League, so you need an excellent GPA and SAT/ACT score. Positive study habits and test preparation are a must. That said, don’t despair if your grades don’t quite match up with Columbia’s expectations. Again, they consider applications holistically; if you can explain your grades, demonstrate growth, and impress with extracurriculars, you still have a chance. Think of admissions to Columbia as a race. Some people may have worked on theoretical racing so much that they have little experience in actually running. Other racers have lots of experience in running, but lack the finesse of runners who’ve been coached by professionals. Any of those runners could conceivably win, but those with a mixture of both experience and theoretical knowledge will have an advantage. Essentially, don’t be afraid that poor grades in your sophomore year have ruined your chances forever. If you can prove that Columbia is truly the school for you, you still have a chance; you’ll just have some extra hurdles to jump! What's the Average SAT Score for Columbia Students? The average SAT score for Columbia students is between 1460 and 1550, making the college extremely competitive. Remember, this is an average- it’s not the only score you can have, as students who score about that will have a little extra boost, and students who score below that will have to demonstrate how well they’ll succeed elsewhere in the application. This is why it’s important to get started on SAT prep early. If your first score misses the mark, you can always try again. Spending some time prepping for the SAT will help you get closer to your score goal, and therefore closer to holding that coveted acceptance letter in your hand. If you want good scores, you'll have to study hard. What's the Average ACT Score for Columbia Students? Columbia is similarly selective with ACT scores. The average ACT score is 34, making Columbia University extremely competitive. As with SAT scores, it’s important to get started on preparing early. Don’t wait until junior or senior year to start thinking about your scores if you plan to attend Columbia- you’re up against some of the brightest minds in the world, so you need to lock in a good score through lots of studying and practice. Columbia reports their scores as between 33 and 35, so while you might have a little bit of wiggle room, a higher score is always better. Study like a perfect score is the only one that’ll get you in, but know that your test scores aren’t the only factor in your acceptance. What's the Average GPA for Columbia Students? Columbia'saverage GPA is a whopping 4.16.What this means is that you’ll need to be taking heavier weighted courses, typically AP or honors courses, to be competitive with other prospective Columbia students. Again, it’s not impossible to get in if you don’t have a GPA above 4.0- it also depends on if your school weights GPAs- but reaching for as high of scores as possibly certainly won’t hurt your chances. Study hard in your first couple years of high school to ensure that you’re prepared for the advanced courses you’ll need to push your GPA to a Columbia-approved level. Remember, your school may weight AP courses more, so a B in an AP course might mean more than an A in a standard course. Don’t despair if your grades aren’t perfect in AP courses, but do always strive for the best, and set yourself up for success. You simply can’t earn a 4.16 GPA if you’re not in AP courses, so plan to take them. Though Columbia doesn’t offer average GPAs for its acceptance rates, it does state that over 90 percent of its accepted students were in the top 10 percent of their class. Don’t take that to mean that being in the top 10 percent is enough- remember, 90 percent of the students you’re competing with are also in that same demographic. You need to excel and stand out. Because Columbia is holistic, everything counts. But one Ivy League college admissions officer has revealed a little secret- everything counts, but the most important thing to not do poorly on is your GPA. This is general advice for Ivy Leagues, not specifically Columbia, but don’t discount your GPA as a vital factor in getting accepted to Columbia. Having a distinct skill- like doing VR while riding a bike- sets you apart from other applicants. What Extracurriculars Should I Have to Get Into Columbia? Your competition is not necessarily every single student who applies to Columbia. Your competition is every student like you- students who have your GPA, your SAT score, your diversity of extracurriculars. So find a way to stand out from the pack; what areas do you excel in? And if you don’t excel now, what can you do to target your application to be less of a Renaissance applicant and more of a specialist? Consider the â€Å"spike† approach to applying to college. A variety of skills is great, but most applicants will also have good grades, test scores, and multiple extracurriculars. To stand out, you want something memorable- a spike in your well-roundedness. If you have an interest spike, an area where you particularly excel or that emphasizes your dedication to a certain field, you can tie much of your application to that spike and make your application more memorable. The essay section may be stressful, but it's also your best opportunity to shine. How to Answer Columbia's Essays Writing a good answer to the â€Å"Why Columbia† essay is essential. The admissions office already knows Columbia is a good school, so use this space to explain why it’s the right school for you and how you’ll contribute to the community there. Again, this is a great place to return to your spike to tie things together. Be sure to emphasize your own personal experience in your essay. Reading successful Columbia application essays is a great way to get a feel for what Columbia likes to see, and to better understand how personal details can change the entire feel of an essay. How to Answer Columbia's Supplemental Writing Questions Columbia’s further supplemental questions may seem unusual compared to other colleges; they ask about books you’ve read, concerts you’ve attended, and so on. Be honest, here- though your temptation might be to reach for the most sophisticated answers, this is an opportunity for the college to get to know you better. If your favorite concert of the year was indeed the obscure bassoon recital you attended, by all means, list it. But don’t write in the prestigious documentary du jour if you have no interest in watching it. That said, Hop on Pop is not a grade-appropriate choice, so do try to choose things that represent your interests and your age level. Should You Include Supplementary Material? Certain majors accept supplementary materials, such as some scientific fields, artistic disciplines, or performance-based majors. Students with research experience, you can include an abstract to flesh out your application. Students in the arts can include a portfolio, but should be aware that there is an additional fee- this fee can be waived, but Coalition Application students will need to email the school directly for a fee waiver. Good recommendation letters are a key part of how to get into Columbia. What Recommendation Letters Should You Have? Columbia requires three recommendation letters: one from a counselor, and two from teachers. Though Columbia does accept supplemental letters of recommendation, students should only do so if the source is academic and if the letter will add something new to your application. More isn't always better. Teachers, coaches, and other mentor figures are great options for letters of recommendation. Be sure that you’re setting your teachers up to write you a great letter by asking early and providing them with any information they might need. Take a look at letters that got students into Ivy League schools for the caliber of recommendations you should strive for. Take note of how these teachers write about personality as well as academics- select teachers who have the same knowledge of your personality and skills so they’re equipped to write about you with the same depth. Before you take out loans, apply for financial aid! What Should You Know About Applying for Financial Aid? Columbia takes a need-blind approach to processing applications from US citizens, undocumented students, and eligible non-US citizens. International students are processed as need-aware, meaning there may be some consideration of financial need while processing the application.Columbia meets 100 percent of student need and does so without loans. Students whose parents or guardians make under $60,000 annually are considered to have a $0 parental contribution, which will instead be made up with financial aid. Columbia has a helpful tool for students to determine what documentation and forms they'll need based on when they're applying, their citizenship status, and what year they're applying for. Use this early to be sure that you can get all your paperwork done ahead of time! Recap: How to Get Into Columbia University Applying to Ivy League schools like Columbia University can be incredibly stressful. You know you're up against the best, and setting yourself apart can feel like an insurmountable task. But you can do it. Start early. Think about what you want your application to look like before you start working on it, and take steps to prepare for the advanced courses, test scores, and extracurriculars you need. If you're already later in your academic career, change what you can now and start thinking about how you can address gaps in your personal statement. Read a ton. Stay on top of changes to the application, new prompts, and what's most advisable for students like you. Assuming all your grades are in order and your test results are on track, start preparing for your essays. Of course, the prompts may not be available yet- consult past and current essays and start thinking about how you'll answer similar questions. Create a spike. Remember, every other student applying to Columbia is also concerned about having great grades, AP courses, and test scores. If you're competing against the best of the best, you need to stand out. Instead of being well-rounded, develop a particular area of expertise, something that will set you apart from other students and really showcase what makes you unique. What’s Next? Learn more about what makes Columbia one of the most selective colleges in the United States, and how it compares to other selective schools. If you're applying to multiple Ivy Leagues, it's a good idea to know your chances at each! Columbia is one of the country's most selective schools. Even if you're only interested in Columbia, learning more about how to get into other selective schools, such as Harvard, can give you additional insight into how to polish up your application. Knowing the essay requirements is just the beginning. More in-depth reading about the topics and how to answer them will give you an even stronger shot at impressing the admissions office. Want to get into Columbia or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

American Governement- Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Governement- Freedom of Speech - Essay Example The constant battle for the preservation of free speech has most recently been enjoined concerning the unabated flow of information on the internet. The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) ruled that radio and television was exempt from First Amendment protection therefore must comply with arbitrary content guidelines. Though clearly a legal matter, the FCC gave itself the power to censor the media without virtue of a court decision. Now that censorship has been accepted by the majority, the government is currently attempting to control the internet. The American public seems to be in favor of restricting online gambling as well as material of a sexual nature but this is a generation that has grown accustomed to censorship by their government and in many cases encourages this unconstitutional practice. The internet itself is not regulated. As efficient and enormously informative as the web is, its content is not overseen as are other communications mediums such as television and radio. It is a groundbreaking new technology that has amalgamated societies of the country and the world and introduced the concept of truly free expression and the perception that nothing is taboo. Everything is exposed and available at everyone’s literal finger-tip. The Internet has no physical, ethical or moral boundaries. Lawmakers and legal scholars generally use legal precedents from broadcast media decisions as the model for definitions of indecency and obscenity when developing regulations governing the Internet. The Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996 made it a federal crime to display ‘indecent material’ on any computer network unless the website owner utilizes ‘effective’ techniques to control access of that material to minors. This law appears to be a reasonable compromise that protects free speech and prevents

Inflation in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Inflation in the United States - Essay Example Inflation in the United States Inflation affects the lives of all citizens in the US economy yet not everyone has the same purchasing power and income. It is therefore important for us to understand the causes of inflation, its effects and some actions taken by the government to regulate it. There has been a wide range of literature on the causes of inflation in history. There are different schools of thought on the causes of inflation. They are commonly divided into quantity theories of inflation and quality theories of inflation (Cate 96). The quantity theory of inflation is based on the quantity of money equation. On the other hand, the quality theory of is based on the sellers expectations to exchange currency at a later date. Presently, the quantity of the theory money theory is widely accepted as the inflation model in the long- run. This paper shall explore the causes of inflation based on three major theories, the Keynesian view, the rational expectations theory and the monetarist theory. The Keynesian vie w asserts that changes in money supply in the economy do not directly affect the prices of goods and services, inflation results from economic pressures that are manifested in the increases prices of goods and services. According to Robert J. Gordon’s triangle model, there are three main types of inflation: demand- pull inflation, monetary expansion and cost-push inflation. (Cate 141). Demand- pull inflation is the most common and it describes a situation where the demand of goods increases over and above the supply. Sellers increase the prices of goods, as they know that they have the liberty to do so. There are numerous circumstances resulting to demand pull inflation the most important being an expanding economy. This type of inflation could lead to economic growth as long as it is within the right limits. Since people expect increasing inflation rates, they make increasing purchases to avoid price increases in future. Cost-push inflation is caused by a drop in the aggrega te supply. This may have been as a result of an increase in the prices of inputs and natural disasters. Finally, built in inflation is caused by adaptive spirals that are relate to shifts in prices or wages. An important concept in this theory is the relationship between unemployment and inflation that is commonly referred to as the Phillips curve (Cate 141). This concept suggests that there is a tradeoff between the stability of prices and employment. This model was used to describe the status of the US economy in the 1960s however; it failed to explain the connection between economic stagnation and increasing inflation. It can be stated that the Philips curve explains the demand- pull aspect of the triangle model. The rational expectations theory states that economic actors act rationally to maximize their well being in future. They do not act solely depending on opportunity cots and pressures. This view states that future expectations and strategies play a key role in inflation ( Gillman 67). A key assumption in this theory is that economic actors will act to keep up with rising inflation rates. This means that the central bank must play a key role in ensuring that they regulate the insurance rates. The monetarist view is based on the fact that the major factor affecting deflation or inflation is the velocity of money. In other words, inflation is affected by how quick the supply of

White collar crimes Essay Example for Free

White collar crimes Essay This paper provides a detailed understanding behind the motives of people committing crimes. Researchers have named ―the people committing crime, where the crimes were minimal and confined to a particular area of administrationâ€â€" as Grass Eaters. People involved in white collar crimes and which has spread in almost all fields of business are termed as Meat Eaters. With the advent of technology and growth of education, white collar crimes are on the rise, being protected by professionals finding loopholes in the judiciary and support from the government indirectly. This has created a nexus where people from almost all walks of life have started forming group to do white collar crimes and being protected by professionals in law. This has lead to a situation where the small timers have become white collar criminals. Talking about the prevalence of white collar crimes in India, they are spreading like a rapid fire in every sphere of society. Though corruption, one of the species of white collar crimes, has been the most talked about issue in all spheres-social, economic and political, not much stringent steps/actions have been taken to curb this menace. Therefore the concern of this paper is to define white collar crime, study its historical development and formulate tentative solutions for eradicating the problem. This thought evolved with the Criminologist and Sociologist Edwin H. Sutherland, in the year 1939, who popularised the term â€â€"white collar crimes‘ by defining such a crime as one ―committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.â€â€" Sutherland also included crimes committed by corporations and other legal entities within his definition. Sutherland‘s study of white collar crime was prompted by the view that criminology had incorrectly focused on social and economic determinants of crime, such as family background and level of wealth. It is true to the common knowledge that there are certain professions which offer lucrative opportunities for criminal acts and unethical practises which is very often overlooked by the general mass of the society. There have been crooks and unethical persons in business, various other professions, who tend to become unscrupulous because of no reason apart from the thirst of gaining more and more for themselves. These deviants have least regard for ethical and moral human values. Therefore, www.indianresearchjournals.com INTRODUCTION IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 they carry on their illegal activities with impunity without the fear of loss of respect and prestige. These crimes are of the nature of â€â€"white collar crimes‘ which is the essential outcome of the development of the competent economy of the twenty-first century. CHRONOLOGICAL MILIEU OF THE EMERGENCE OF WHITE COLLAR CRIMES The earliest documented case of white-collar crime law dates back to 15th century is England. There has been a case popularly known as the Carrier‘s case of 1473, where the agent was entrusted to transport wool and he attempted to steal some of it for him. Therefore the Star Chamber and Exchequer Chamber of the English Court of Law adopted the â€â€"breaking bulk‘ doctrine as it constituted the crime of larceny. However, the growth of industrial capitalism in the eighteenth century ushered a new history of crime and criminality. The very base of industrial capitalism is based on coercion and robbery. Now, before we discuss the topic let us understand the meaning of capitalism The street crime, especially snatching and motor vehicle theft, relatively down compared to 2010, the year 2011 truly belonged to the faceless white-collar criminals. The numbers of such criminals arrested by the crime branch this year saw a massive increase — 108 per cent — as 148 people were arrested for dabbling in white-collar crime as opposed to just 71 in 2010. ―In all, around 20 organised white-collar rackets were busted last year and cash and valuables, amounting to R4.5 crore, thousands of mobile phones used in the commission of criminal activity and three dozen vehicles were recovered,â€â€" said a senior police officer. The list includes perpetrators of lottery fraud, fake recruitment racketeers, ATM fraudsters, travel agents, property dealers, agents promising fake court affidavits and death certificates as well as both men and women operating fake friendship clubs. Meanwhile, the Economic Offences Wing (EoW) of the Delhi Police arrested more than . WHITE COLLAR CRIMES IN INDIA www.indianresearchjournals.com The process of emergence of these conditioned was termed by Karl Marx as primitive accumulation‘ while in the words of Adam Smith, it was â€â€"previous accumulation.‘ Therefore, the Dutch Marxist, William Bonger contended that criminal attitude develops among the working class under capitalism due to conditions of misery and at the same time the criminal attitude develops among the bourgeoisie from the avarice fostered when capitalism strives.It succeeded in United States of America in 1890, when Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which took the initiative to make the monopolistic trade illegal. Other industrialized countries like Great Britain had a history of penalties involving whitecollar crime by that time, but it was not as sweeping as the Sherman Act. Some nations implemented a smattering of these laws, known as competition or antitrust law, but did not have a strong binding force for a long time. But more anti-white-collar crime sentiment rose in the late 19th century and early 20th century in the United States as a result of a group of journalists known as muckrakers. They laid much focus on the prevalent stock fraud, insurance fraud and underhanded practices of monopolistic companies that had grabbed under the Sherman Act. The muckrakers‘ exposes gave rise to public resentment and thereby called for in some reform. By 1914, Congress attempted to solidify and strengthen the sentiment laid down by the Sherman Act, which was used against labour unions, with the Clayton Antitrust Act. This Act was much stricter and went much further than the Sherman Act in making particular monopolistic practices illegal. IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 criminals in 1,358 cases ranging from those of land grabbing to fake job rackets and attached property valued at amounts estimated to be between Rs. 350 to Rs. 500 crore. ―This year, we focused more on individual cases as opposed to those in which several persons were victimised. We got more manpower,â€â€" said Vivek Gogia, joint CP (EoW). White collar crimes are to be considered as a global phenomenon to which India is no exception. As discussed earlier, white collar crimes emerged in India with the advent of the British colonisation during the period of industrial capitalism. Prior to that, instances of men working with the District treasury embezzling with the money kept under his safe custody or bribing practiced among the officials were found. Therefore, the white collar crimes were confined to this limit. Thus, the people indulging in the white collar crimes then can to said to be mere â€â€"grass eaters‘ the people in the modern times have reached the stage of â€â€"meat-eaters‘. WHITE COLLAR -LEGAL PROFESSION WHITE COLLAR – MEDICAL In India, the white collar crimes are so wide spread that it does not confine itself in the legal arena. Similar unfortunate instances can be drawn from other professions too, like that of medical practitioners, engineers, educationalists, businessmen, politicians and the list goes on. The medical practitioners are often found involved in issuance of false certificates, carrying out illegal abortions, selling out sample drugs and medicine, even in some cases adulterated drugs and medicines to the patients. Dilatory tactics are often adopted by them in providing treatment to their patients with a menswear to extract huge amount of money, no matter the person has good practice. Some of the notorious instances are like that of Nithari 159 The instances of white collar crimes committed in the Indian society by the lawyers, there lie the shameful illustrations of Magistrates and judges involved in committing crimes. They in the name of interpreting the laws often act as the protective shield for the goons having or not-having any political colour and allow them to go free whereas they should have been subjected to deterrence. It is the most unfortunate situation at the same time devastating, because here the crimes are committed by those individuals who are being given by the State the responsibility to ensure justice. www.indianresearchjournals.com The white collar crimes became a phenomenon to be reckoned with industrial revolution. Modern industrial capitalist economy which evolved with time became complex in nature as it developed a growing commercial nexus among insurance, banking, stocks and related corporate matters. This in turn, gave rise to critical legal intricacies relating to property rights and other legal matters which paved the way for the birth of a new class of professionals of advocates who in the name of providing justice started abetting in the wrong and thereby pursued their own narrow interest. A large number of advocates evolved, who forget the pious oath of serving the society and started looking for the legal loopholes and concentrated mainly in helping out the rich entrepreneurs to grow richer. They made extensive study to try out ways for maximum tax evasion for these rich corporate personalities as well as for themselves. The white collar crimes committed by these legal practitioners only confines in sorting out illegal methods of tax-evasion. There are very frequent instances of unscrupulous and unethical practices like that of fabricating false evidence, engaging professional witnesses, thereby violating ethical standards of legal profession and dilatory tactics in collusion with the ministerial staff of the courts. IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 case, where the medical professionals put up before the society the optimum level of brutal character they can reach for the crave of making money. Misleading and fake advertisement claiming absolute cure is also one of the frequent malpractices being carried out in the medical profession. The problem lies in the fact that, they often escape punishment, since they cannot be said to have violated the letter of law, but, by violating the spirit of law, they commit crimes which are truly anti-social and creates enormous damage to the public health and safety at large. WHITE COLLAR-ENGINEERING Speaking of the engineers‘ role in having their role to play in white collar crimes, we often find instances of underhand dealing with contractors, suppliers, passing of sub-standard works and maintenance of bogus reports of the labour works. They financially earn more for their low grade works from the contractors, than they can earn for the genuine work. Therefore, many of them, out of the greed of earning more and more, play dangerously with thousands of lives of the individuals. WHITE COLLAR-EDUCATION The matter comes to the white collar crimes educational institutions do come in the league to operate with impunity. A nastier role is played by the private institutions that are least bothered in providing the education, but only concentrate of making business at the cost of the children‘s future. Even rackets operate in these institutions for procuring students to appear in the examinations on the basis of manipulated eligibility certificates, thereby damaging the standard of education in India. When it comes to the Governmental institutions, the teachers and staffs of the institutions are often found to be involved in unscrupulous practices, since they can hardly make fortune from the inadequate salary they receive from the government. Teachers often drag the students for taking private tuitions and even go to the extent of blackmailing them of ruining their future, if they deny doing so. These are only a handful of instances of white collar crimes practiced in day to day life by certain professionals in the course of their profession. The major role in committing white collar crimes are played by the business tycoons and politicians, whose greed and wants multiply with the more they acquire. In India, whenever any major scandal comes to the media focus, a through investigation always finds an unlawful involvement of political parties in it. So far as the businessmen are concerned, their acts of white collar crimes go beyond count. They are termed as the corporate criminals who more often than not,are involved in illegal contracts, combination and conspiracies of trade restraints, unfair labour practices, selling of adulterated foods and drugs, bribing of public officials so on and so forth. They take advantage of the corporate veil and indulged in a number of crimes. The recent Satyam scam case is one of the worth-mentioning illustrations, where it was seen how an individual, hiding himself in the veil of incorporation, indulge in defrauding crores of money. WHITE COLLAR- UNIVERSAL www.indianresearchjournals.com WHITE COLLAR-CORPORATE 160 The white collar crimes are often master minded and are carried out in a planned manner by technocrats in the form of scams, frauds, etc. facilitated by technological advancements. In IRJC International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 9, September 2012, ISSN 2277 3630 these types of offences not only the individual is being with pecuniary loss but also, such offences like peddling drugs and narcotic substances, counterfeiting of currency, financial scams are some of the crimes which evoke serious concern and impact to the national security and governance. Violation of foreign exchange regulations and import and export laws are frequently resorted to for the sake of huge profits. WHITE COLLAR- SOCIETY The major white collar crime very common among the individuals, no matter he/she belongs to the middle or upper strata of the society is that of evading taxes. The complexity of the taxation laws provided a number of loopholes through which many individuals tried to escape. A tax-evasion has known no professional or class boundary in our country. Be it an engineer, doctor, advocate, a business tycoon or a simple small industry trader-all have learnt the trick of evading taxes. The main difficulty posed before the Income Tax Department is to acquire true information of the real and exact income of these professionals. It is often alleged that only an insignificant amount of their total income is posed a income before the Income Tax Department and the rest therefore goes into the circulation as black money. The frequent modifications in the tax-laws of the country has been able to add very little to put a check on this continuing menace which is throwing a great negative impact in the Governmental revenue and thereby the growth of the country. INDIA CRIME AND FRAUD IN WHITE COLLAR 2010-2011 Annual Global Fraud Survey report of Kroll conducted by Economist Intelligence Unit gives expected results. Fraud continues to be a big problem worldwide and more so in India. Of the companies surveyed, globally 75% reported experiencing fraud during the year. Though the figure has reduced in comparison to previous year‘s 88%, the situation is still dismal. The chart below compares the top six fraud categories at global level with India. In most of the cases, India is doing much worse than its global counterparts are. Worldwide management conflict of interest, internal financial fraud, corruption and bribery and vendor procurement related frauds have increased. Physical theft of assets and information theft decreased. Indian business crucial pain points are corruption and bribery, information theft, internal financial fraud, financial mismanagement and vendor procurement. www.indianresearchjournals.com In India, the situation is disastrous, with 84% organizations reporting that they suffered from fraud during the year. It is wake-up call for India, as it is ranked second worldwide after Africa and shares the position with China. The report answers the most relevant question relating to fraud – what is the loss caused by fraud? The estimated figure given in the report is that globally organizations suffered 2.1% revenue loss due to fraud. For India, the percentage is higher at 2.4%. Further analysis available in the report says that 18% of the companies reported an earnings loss of more than 4%. A quarter of these most affected companies suffered losses more than 10%. These companies are reporting corruption, bribery, money laundering and regulatory breaches frequently. However, they are doing nothing about it. The lack of fraud prevention and investigation measures is causing huge losses in these companies. Indian companies are ill prepared to the fight fraud menace. Just 50% companies have background screening, third-party due diligence and other fraud prevention measures in place. In my view, India does not have adequately trained fraud investigators as part of the risk management teams. Overall, the focus is on financial statements audits and internal audits. These audits are not done to detect frauds. Management finds it hard to accept this fact that internal employees and related parties conduct most frauds. The report mentions that insiders conducted 60% of the frauds globally. That is, 28% junior employees, 21% senior employees and 11% third-party agents conducted frauds. In India, 59% of the frauds were conducted by internal sources. The frauds conducted by senior employees cause more damage to the company. Not only are the financial figures larger, the reputation damage is huge. However, the companies in India still do not have adequate focus on internal controls and management controls. However, government has initiated some steps to address the high level of frauds in Indian private sector. In my view, the Indian government‘s decision to give more power to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) in the new Companies Bill is a step in the right direction. SFIO will be in a position to conduct more investigations, arrests, raids and seizures. This would put some brakes on the escalating financial fraud cases in India. Therefore, Indian government must improve governance and take strict action against the offenders. Comptroller Auditor General is showing the way forward, the need of the hour is for political parties to have the spirit to clean up the mess. The private sector must implement fraud prevention measures and focus on ethics to reduce frauds. Both sectors have to collaborate to minimize fraud risks in India. The reasons of justifications are there for the methods used for the control of white collar crimes, the ambivalence of the social response to this sort is so related to wider social factors which have both objective and subjective dimensions. As has been so mentioned a more subjective source of ambivalence in the social response to white collar crimes is the assumption that there is less public concern about these behaviours so termed as white collar crimes, and therefore there is a less support for severe sanctions than in the cases of crimes which are traditional street crimes. But even if there was greater public ambivalence towards white collar crimes in comparison to the traditional crimes, writers such as Box has regarded this as a further challenge â€â€"to sensitize people to not seeing processes in which they are victimised disasters or accidents.‘ Therefore, the motto should always be prevention is better than cure. Since the acts involved defrauding public faith and belief, public as a whole mass should come forward to protect the whole society from these greedy people who are destroying the ethics and morality of the society slowly and slowly for their sole aim of pursuing narrow self 2. †¢ Williams Frank. P., â€â€"Criminology Theory‘, Andersen Publication 3. †¢ Mishra R., â€â€"Criminal Psychology‘, Sunit Enterprises, 2006 4. †¢ â€â€"Criminal liability of corporate bodies‘ by Vikas Garg 5. †¢ â€â€"Conference report on white collar crimes‘, by Godwin Kunda 6. †¢ â€â€"Report on White-collar Crimes‘ by International Monetary Fund 7. †¢ â€â€"White-collar crimes- (Talk delivered in the DST Programme on Forensic 8. Laboratories on 02.05.99)‘ by N. Vittal, Central Vigilance Commissioner 9. http://www.businessinsider.com/four-shocking-misconceptions-about-whitecollared-crime-2012-3 164 1. †¢ Ratanlal Dhirajlal, â€â€"The Indian Penal Code‘, 30th edition 2006,Wadhwa www.indianresearchjournals.com

All About HIV and AIDS Essays -- The AIDS Epidemic 2015

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome); HIV is the etiological agent of AIDS leaving the body vulnerable to a variety of life threatening diseases (8). Transmission: AIDS is transmitted from the HIV virus through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk to others from infected host (1). The virus can be spread through sexual contact by oral, vaginal, or anal sex; receiving a blood transfusion, injection involving needles, artificial insemination and organ transplants from an infected donor. Transmission from mother to child during pregnancy (intrauterine) from shared blood circulation while in fetus, delivery, or after pregnancy when nursing infant from breast milk of infected mother (9). The exact mechanism of mother to child HIV/AIDS transmission is still unknown (9). Reservoirs: Infected human. Latent reservoirs include CD4 and T-Cells. Reservoirs are still not fully understood (1). General Characteristics: The stages leading to diagnosis of AIDS include Acute HIV infection detected within a few weeks to months, asymptomatic HIV infection having no symptoms, early symptomatic HIV infection, to advanced HIV infection known as AIDS (13). A CD4 count test resulting in less than 200 cells/mm3 is used for diagnosis of AIDS even when the patient shows no symptoms (8). Specific illnesses found only in patients that have AIDS are used to determine further testing for a positive diagnosis. Tests for HIV can be used to identify AIDS. HIV is diagnosed by blood tests involving two or more positive ELISA tests that have been confirmed by a Western blot assay (6). Test include third-generation, fourth-generation, rapid tests, HIV RNA tests, confirmatory tests, STARHS and home sampling tests (6). Once conf... .... http://www.who.int/hiv/data/2011_epi_core_en.png http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/ 11. United States. â€Å"Texas HIV Slide Set 2010.† Texas Department of State Health Services. 2010. Web. 4 May 2012. http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/hivstd/reports/default.shtm 12. Goodman, Brenda MA. â€Å"Most Americans with HIV Don’t Have Infection Under Control.† WebMD. 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 6 May 2012. http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/news/20111128/most-americans-with-hiv-dont-have-infection-under-control 13. Dugdale, Vyas, Zieve, ADAM. â€Å"AIDS.† MedlinePlus. 9 June 2011. Web. 6 May 2012. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm 14. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"HIV/AIDS.† National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 05 Jan. 2009. Web. 6 May 2012. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/howhivcausesaids/Pages/howhiv.aspx

Reasons for private tutoring in Egypt

Reasons for Private Tutoring in Egypt When it comes to education systems, Egypt has so many major problems. For Instance, the educational budget is too tight and the education itself is totally ignored by the government officials. Also, the courses are outdated and prehistoric. But the most terrible problem is the problem of private tutoring. Teachers, schools and students are to blame for this problem. First, the blame usually falls on the teachers.For one thing, some of them Just show up In class once at the beguiling of the school year and teach very well to attract students to their private lessons but never appear again in class. In Dalton, some of the teachers may force their students to Join the private lessons by saying: † Never dream of passing the participation test unless you Join my private lessons! † Another thing, teachers sometimes aren't well-trained. Therefore, they badly teach at class and eventually make the students resort to private lessons.Second, sc hools are also to blame for the problem of private tutoring. For example, public schools aren't well-equipped. You rarely see a well-organized computer or science lab in it. The classes are very old and unhealthy. They're also very crowded to the extent that you might see 50 or 60 dents accumulated in one class. Also, public schools lack activities that can help motivate students and develop their characters. Finally, there are reasons that make students resort to private lessons. For example, some of them can't understand what's being taught in class.Also, parents put so much pressure on their children. They keep asking them to be on top of the class and to Join top faculties. Furthermore, nowadays finding a Job is a very competitive process. Thus, students have to either become an engineer or a doctor to have comfortable living conditions which can only be achieved through private lessons throughout school years. To sum up, private tutoring is the result of the carelessness of sch ools, the greed of the teachers and taking advantage of the need of the students.Reasons for private tutoring in Egypt By Hager-Eater instance, the educational budget is too tight and the education itself is totally ignored teachers. For one thing, some of them Just show up in class once at the beginning of never appear again in class. In addition, some of the teachers may force their sometimes aren't well-trained. Therefore, they badly teach at class and eventually the problem of private tutoring. For example, public schools aren't well-equipped.

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte is a gothic, Romantic novel that was seen by critics at the time as a controversial text. All though not revolutionary it did contain elements of social rebellion. Elizabeth Rigby from the Quarterly Review labelled ‘Jane Eyre’ an â€Å"anti-Christian† novel and an â€Å"attack on the English class system†. When read from a 21st century context, the novel shows, through the use of various motifs and imagery, the development of one central character. You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane Eyre Bronte shows Jane’s development, while highlighting aspects of her own social and personal context through the characterisation of Jane’s friends, family and acquaintances. A contemporary contextual reading allows the audience to view Jane Eyre as a character based novel. One critical paper known as the â€Å"Tablet† described Jane Eyre as being â€Å"simply the development of the human mind†. This bildungsroman genre underpins this reading of Jane Eyre. Similar to other Victorian authors of the time, like Charles Dickens, Bronte uses Jane to represent an individual’s search for identity and their adjustment to society. Q. D Leavis wrote that â€Å"the novel is not†¦but a moral psychological investigation†. As such the novel becomes laden with varying themes and ideal and is neither restricted by genre or by political view (much like the human mind) Characterisation is used consciously from the beginning of the novel to show the development of Jane’s individual nature and strength. One of the motifs used to represent Jane’s character is the colour red. A fine example of how the colour gains various meaning as the Jane develops is in the first 3 chapters. While in the first Chapter she is enshrouded by the curtains, which provide here with haven from The Reeds the colour soon becomes one symbolic of anxiousness, fear and anger as she is locked up in the red room. â€Å"A bed supported by massive pillars of mahogany , hung with curtains of deep red damask. † The description of the magnificent bed reflects Jane’s feeling of inferiority and belittlement. However in chapter 3 she awakes to the soft red glow of the fire which provides here with warmth and comfort. Bronte continues to use this theme later on to represent Jane’s passions for Mr Rochester and the wild nature of Bertha. Jane is represented as a strong-willed character with her own opinions, morals and mindset. While she is somewhat repressed by the society and context she lives in, she does not let this limit her entirely. Jane is not afraid to speak her mind even from a young age, nor is she afraid to think outside the conventional framework of society. â€Å"Women feel just as men feel†¦they suffer too rigid a constraint†. All other characters are seen through Jane’s eyes, and it is their impact on her development that is important, rather than their individual personalities. In the early stages of the novel, Jane is seen to be in conflict with Mrs Reed but later in the novel, the maturity that Jane has developed is seen, when Jane overlooks Mrs Reed’s cruelty, and treats her with kindness. â€Å"A strong yearning to forget and forgive all injuries†. Bronte’s use of setting provides a backdrop against which Jane develops from a young girl to an adult. The Five main settings symbolise the stages in Jane’s quest to find herself. The setting traces Jane’s childhood development at Gateshead Hall, followed by her schooling and work at Lowood institution and the development of Jane’s passionate nature at Thornfield. Moor House is then characterised by a moral and religious development of Jane. â€Å"God directed me to a right choice†. This counteracts the critic E. Rigby’s anti-religious reading of Jane Eyre, discussed later. Jane’s development concludes with her reunion with Rochester at Ferndean. Jane’s words â€Å"Reader, I married him†; show her internal fulfilment as she has found a balance between passion and reason and found her place as an individual in society. The gradual development of character highlights the textual integrity of â€Å"Jane Eyre† and enables readers in all contexts to trace the development of a central character. The narrative technique used by Bronte shows the gradual development of Jane as the central character. The first person narrative voice given to Jane enables a closer connection between Jane and her readers, allowing expression of feelings and emotions as her character develops. â€Å"Reader, though I may look comfortably accommodated, I am not very tranquil in my mind†. A duality present in Jane’s narration presents a child’s voice, echoed by a mature and intelligent adult voice of reasoning and reflection. â€Å"I should, if I had deliberated, have replied to that question†. This self-reflexivity is important in showing Jane’s character development. Consistency of Romantic imagery, linking nature and weather to characters, also adds to character development and sustains textual integrity. â€Å"The sun was just entering the dappled east and his light illuminated the wreathed and dewy orchard trees†. The imagery reflects the implications of characters choices and its impact on future character development. In the garden, after Jane agrees to marry Rochester, a storm breaks out and the great chestnut tree is damaged. This imagery symbolises the forbidden relationship that Jane agreed to. Throughout Bronte’s novel, elements of her personal and social context are highlighted, adding depth to her characters and her novel. Religion was significant in Bronte’s personal context, and in the Victorian context. Changing religious ideas, religious doubt, and an increase in non-conformists had emerged due to science and history. While the critic E. Rigby labels Jane Eyre an â€Å"anti-Christian† novel, I believe Bronte is representing religion without taking a clear stance on the issue. Bronte conveys no specific religious message but instead shows more of a general concern for religion, reinforced with religious language. â€Å"No nook in the grounds more sheltered and Eden-Like†. The text does not ignore religion or openly oppose Christianity; rather it represents the contextual importance of religion, while adding depth to Jane’s character development. Feminism is another contextual influence in Jane Eyre. The critic S. Gilbert suggests that Jane Eyre is â€Å"a traditional feminist reading of the Bronte’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This critic has drawn parallels between Bronte’s life and Jane’s life, inferring that Bronte was exploring her contextual feminist struggle through the character of Jane. While there are some elements of feminism in the novel (mostly due to the independent ubringing of Charlotte Bronte) it is not the central theme. As seen from the above discussion, Jane Eyre is about the development of a human mind, with feminist themes simply an influence on Jane. Jane’s feminist comments show her character exploring the social context. â€Å"Women are supposed to feel very calm generally, but women feel just as men feel†. These elements link back to a â€Å"moral psychological investigation† rather than an exploration of feminism. ‘Jane Eyre’ is primarily focused on the development of an individual. The text shows Jane’s development from a child to an adult using characterisation, setting, narrative voice and romantic imagery. Bronte adds depth to characters by introducing aspects of her social and personal context. While critics in the Victorian context label Jane Eyre as a â€Å"feminist novel† or an â€Å"anti-Christian book†, in my contemporary reading it is neither of these things. Its merely the exploration of an individuals development.