Tibet Essay Research Paper Tibet is a free essay sample

Tibet Essay, Research Paper Tibet is a peaceable state, which has neer posed a menace to another state and has even been thought of as the most spiritual state in the universe. However, Tibet was invaded and annexed by China in 1950. Yet, China asserts that Tibet should be truly under its control. They argue that the Tibetans have signed paperss that invited the Chinese to busy Tibet in order to assist the Tibetans. The Chinese claim to hold greatly improved the conditions of Tibet, conveying them such luxuries as electricity and roads. Despite all of these claims, China has, in world, illicitly occupied Tibet, manipulated Tibetans, caused others to fly, oppressed the faith of Tibet, transferred many Chinese people to Tibet, slaughtered 1000s of Tibetans, violated the rights of Tibetans, and tried to mask what they have done by utilizing propaganda. Thus, China must go forth Tibet and bestow liberty to Tibet, leting Tibet to run independently as they have successfully for centuries before China s invasion. We will write a custom essay sample on Tibet Essay Research Paper Tibet is a or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page China is a neighbour to the little Buddhist state Tibet. Tibet and China have endured a province of common regard for centuries. At other times China invaded Tibet, nevertheless Tibet besides invaded China in the yesteryear. Throughout their history together there is no cogent evidence at all that Tibet was of all time a portion of China ( Dalai Lama 57 ) . In the late 1940 s China became a communist authorities. After their political transportation, China so began to descry on Tibet. Finding that Tibet had a weak military, the Chinese moved their forces to Tibet s eastern boundary line and so attacked without a formal warning. The Chinese abused Tibetan delegates and forced them to subscribe a pact leting Chinese military personnels to come in Tibet. The Chinese insisted that they were merely in Tibet to assist the people and to protect them from imperialist states, when in fact the Chinese were the lone imperialists in Tibet ( 67 ) . The Chinese said that one time they had finished helping the Tibetans, they would go forth ; nevertheless the Chinese merely brought more hurting and agony to the low Tibetan citizens ( Executive Summary ) . The US aided Tibet by establishing a covert war get downing in 1956. The US helped to develop the Tibetan Khampas, a mountain people that are celebrated for their horsemanship and crisp shot. Khampas were so taken to the US and trained by Americans ; afterwards they were returned to Tibet to develop their companions to contend. In malice of this fact, most Tibetan guerillas died by the custodies of the Chinese or committed self-destruction to hedge gaining control. By the mid 1960 s Washington was seting $ 1.7 million into this operation, and they did non believe that it had much hope of wining so support was cut. Finally all of the Tibetan guerillas were killed in a big slaughter. ( A Secret War on the Roof of the World ) This was non the lone opposition to the Chinese. In March of 1959, the Tibetan people rebelled against their Chinese oppressors ; nevertheless this was unsuccessful. Consequently, from March of 1959 to October of 1960 in Central Tibet 87 1000 Tibetans were killed. The Dalai Lama had to fly to India when he came under onslaught. He has been populating in India of all time since. The effect of this rebellion devastated the Tibetans. Many cultural and spiritual establishments were demolished. Furthermore, the Chinese massacred several thousand Tibetans. Many 1000s more were taken forced into labour and concentration cantonments, where most died. ( Executive Summary ) Presently, the Dalai Lama is the leader of Tibet in Exile. This is the Tibetan authorities that resides in Upper Dharmsala in India. The authorities is made up of the Dalai Lama and several other Tibetan refugees. They have worked diligently for a long clip to liberate Tibet from the Chinese. Though they have been unsuccessful this attempt has even won the Dalai Lama the Nobel Peace Prize. Through all of this the Tibetan people continue suffer many adversities ( Executive Summary ) . Ever since the Chinese invasion, Tibet has had many problems. One of them is mobilization. Many Chinese generals with 1000s of military personnels entered Tibet. The military brought fright to the Tibetan people and besides ruined their economic system. The ground forces would demand nutrient from the Tibetans. At first the ground forces merely demanded a small nutrient, but they finally demanded such a big sum that the monetary value of nutrient inflated to ten times the original value. Chinese people would besides fire the castanetss of dead animate beings in the Tibetan holy metropolis of Lhasa. This is really violative to the Tibetan people and their faith. In Tibet, even meatmans were considered castawaies for killing animate beings ( Dalai Lama 20 ) . Yet another offense of the Chinese authorities was population transportations, where a big figure of Chinese were relocated to Tibet. China even has authorities inducement plans for Chinese to travel from different Chinese states to Tibet. Thus, Tibetans who still live in Tibet are rapidly going 2nd category citizens ( Executive Summary ) . Furthermore, population transportations non merely go against human rights, but international jurisprudence every bit good. The Fourth Geneva Convention in 1949 prohibits population transportation without full and informed consent. Population transportation is besides prohibited by the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities Resolutions, and by the UNPO Conference on Human Rights Dimensions of Population Transfer. In add-on to these atrociousnesss, the Chinese have dreadfully violated the rights of the Tibetan people ( Dalai Lama 78 ) . Due to the misdemeanor of human rights, over 1.2 million Tibetans have died between 1951 and 1979 ; and approximately 80,000 have been exiled. When Tibet was an independent province, there was no dearth at all. After the invasion though, the military forced Tibetans to sell their personal nutrient militias. The nutrient was used in the province buffer stocks. Contrary to statements made by the Chinese authorities, several organisations have confirmed human rights misdemeanors against the Tibetan people, such as big and methodical maltreatments against Tibetans. A few of these organisations are Amnesty International, Asia Watch, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, the UN, and Pax Christi. The international concern for Tibet has been spread outing of all time since the United Nations study, giving them more and more evid ence of human rights misdemeanor in Tibet. ( Executive Summary ) Furthermore the spiritual rights of Tibet have been violated. For a long clip, China has been seeking to pull strings the spiritual hierarchy of Tibet. The Chinese claim to hold this right because of an understanding made over 2 centuries ago. Tibet was invaded by Nepal, and the Tibetans Lords asked the Chinese Emperor for aid. The Chinese helped drive the Nepali out of Tibet, but in exchange the Emperor demanded a say in the choice of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. The Chinese authorities claims that this gives them the historic right to sign the Lamas of Tibet. Beijing attempts to utilize reincarnation to their advantage, by happening freshly reincarnated Lamas and raising them to be loyal to the Chinese authorities, making whatever the Chinese authorities wants. Beijing hopes that by making this they can maintain the Tibetan people under their control. ( A Buddha Busts Out ) One of the places of reincarnation that the Chinese authorities is presently seeking to utilize is the Panchen Lama. The Panchen Lama was foremost incarnated in the fourteenth century AD, and he is merely 2nd in rank to the Dalai Lama. Six old ages after the last Panchen Lama died in 1986, monastics identified his reincarnation as a immature male child. After his designation, Chinese governments came and took him off. The Chinese replaced him with a Chinese male child who they claim is the existent Panchen, few Tibetans agree. The original male child was neer seen once more. ( Day of the Living Buddhas ) Another male child who is being manipulated is Soinam Puncog. He is a two twelvemonth old who was identified as the Reting Lama. He was officially enthroned in January of 2000. The Reting Lama is a high-level Lama of Tibet ( Dalai Lama 18 ) . The Chinese authorities wants him to turn up loyal to the Beijing authorities and independent of the Tibetan authorities. The Beijing authorities hopes to utilize the Reting Lama to counter the political power of the Dalai Lama ( Day of the Living Buddhas ) . The 17th Karmapa is another immature Tibetan who the Chinese tried to pull strings. The Karmapa is a 14 twelvemonth old. He was taught to be loyal to Beijing, nevertheless he fled China to travel to the Tibet in Exile authorities in India. He had planned his flight because he found it difficult to function Buddhism and the Tibetan people with the Chinese commanding him and there was an blackwash effort on him. In 1998, two bravos were found in the Tsurphu monastery. They admitted that they had been hired to kill the Karmapa, but they were still released by the Chinese governments. The Chinese still publically deny that the Karmapa fled China. They allege that the Karmapa went to India to pick up things that belonged to his old embodiment ; the Chinese expect his return. ( A Buddha Busts Out ) For the Tibetans who still live in Tibet, their faith is oppressed. Monasteries and nuns used to be really common in Tibet ( The Dalai Lama 50 ) . Tibet used to hold 1000s of monasteries and monastics. However most of the monasteries in Tibet were destroyed and by 1976 merely eight monasteries remained. Though there is some spiritual freedom the proliferation of Buddha is dispirited and controlled ( Executive Summary ) . Even now, the Chinese governments do non allow monasteries to pattern their faith as they have traditionally done. Superficially, there is some spiritual freedom, but there are limitations on serious pattern. The Chinese want spiritual people to be loyal to the Communist Party. The Communists destroyed Tibetan Buddhism. ( Dalai Lama ) Though the Chinese have done all of this they try to conceal it and lie about it by utilizing propaganda. The Chinese have made many propaganda books about Tibet and distributed them to aliens to seek and convert them of China s right to have Tibet. The Chinese have said that they were emancipating the Tibetans. They said that the Tibetans were being saved from imperialism, when in fact they were being taken over by the imperialistic Chinese. Despite the many secret plans of the Chinese to annex Tibet, they are still a separate state. In the early 1900 s the Tibetans signed a pact with the British. The pact did such things as confirm Tibet s boundaries and trading rights. By subscribing the papers Tibet made an international conventionalised understanding, something that is done by a state. The British even made China accept the pact, because they thought China would interfere with the British s trading privileges with the Tibetans. Though subsequently on, the British made a pact with the Russians where they agreed that neither state would interfere with Tibet, it was non signed by the independent state of Tibet. Tibet was in fact an independent state at the clip of China s invasion. They had met all the demands of an independent state. They had a defined district, a population populating the state, a authorities utilizing authorization in that district, and the ability to initialise international dealingss. Finally, when Tibet was invaded by China in 1950 Tibetan delegates argued to China that Tibet was an independent state. They gave adequate grounds to the Chinese to turn out that they were an independent state, but the Chinese would non accept any of it. China presented the delegates with an ultimatum, but the delegates were non allowed to do any alterations or speak to the Dalai Lama or the Tibetan Government for advocate. The Chinese made them subscribe it by mistreating them, dissing them, and endangering them with military force against Tibet. This pact is null though, because international jurisprudence prohibits coercing pacts by menace of or usage of force on a individual or a state ( Executive Summary ) . The Chinese have claimed that the usage of this null papers invited the Chinese military personnels to Tibet. In decision, China is a state illicitly busying the state of Tibet. The people of Tibet have been through many adversities, which no state should be forced to digest. China has illicitly occupied Tibet, manipulated and controlled Tibetans, exiled 1000s of Tibetans, suppressed the faith of Tibet, transferred many Chinese people to Tibet, killed many Tibetans, violated the rights of Tibetans, and tried to conceal what they have done behind a shield of propaganda. Therefore, China should go forth Tibet and let Tibet liberty as they have done in the yesteryear.

Rugmaker Conflict Essay free essay sample

War has always been the background to my life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and it’s surely helped to form the way I thought about things†. How does this conflict shape life? Body paragraph | Explanation | Introduction | Focus on other body paragraphs- political conflict in paragraph 1 (asylum seekers)- weave in people smuggling. Body paragraph 2- war: armed (rocket scare when Gorgalli was killed and others injured) body paragraph 3- war in Afghanistan family motion (family/familial ) | Body paragraph 1| Political spectrum- project the idea of civilians seeking asylum due to war stricken countries and problems that arise due to war and political corruption. Relate to the extract (quote) by examining and producing how Najaf sought asylum himself due to problems with the Taliban and people smuggling. | Body paragraph 2| War: armed. Mention how the country Najaf lived in was that horrific and violent and at any moment you could be struck down. Talk of horror and the long term effects of losing a family member because of a country that was unable to stabilize itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Rugmaker Conflict Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | Body paragraph 3| Family/familial- the wars in Afghanistan between the US and the Soviets was over safety yet it only destroyed safety. Project family structure and how it adapts depending on the situation. â€Å"I work hard too but you don’t hear me crying about it†. | Conclusion | No quotes only statements. Reflect everything previously mentioned and establish the outline of my essay. | Najaf Mazari has been moulded by his war stricken life. His opinions and daily views are shaped by his once violent life in Afghanistan. People can be shaped and changed by a life filled with conflict. Different conflicts have constructed Najaf’s personality such as political conflict and family conflict. The world conflict might prompt us to think of images of warfare, struggle, tears and despair. The tension on the UN security council over Iran’s nuclear program, the ongoing war in Afghanistan and the plight of asylum seekers. These are the conflicts that dominate news headlines and the pages of our newspapers. However, there is another side to times and hardship; lessons learned the triumphs against all odds and the inner resilience people can build in response to the periods of hardship and that inevitably a part of our lives. It is through times of adversity and conflict that we find inner strength and ourselves. Personalities are moulded and become real. Asylum seekers are a main political conflict that can change the face of lives. Najaf Mazari â€Å"jumped the queue† and travelled illegally on a boat that was overcrowded, not safe and full of individuals seeking refuge in Australia. As demonstrated in the autobiographical novel Rugmaker, Najaf experiences things differently in Australia than natives who were born here. He has to try to fit into a society that is completely opposite to his home. His home was plagued with death, war and conflict within families and political leaders. The United States and The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan during the reign of the Taliban. The Soviet Union failed, yet the United States overthrew the power of the torturous empire. Najaf experienced firsthand the wrath of the Taliban. He was captured and tortured in order for the Taliban to gain knowledge on someone. Najaf was shaped and changed during this time. He learnt the ability of adaptation and had to apply it to many conflicts that occurred during his adventure from Afghanistan to Australia. Woomera camp is a political camp in which Najaf was processed in. Here he learnt the political structure and differences of Australia. The experience of refuges and asylum seekers is perfectly highlights that personalities and conflict come from times of pain and suffering. Najaf Mazari, a refugee from Afghanistan, travelled to Australia in the 1990s in search of a new home far from the warring mujahedeen and Soviet Union soldiers in his home town of Mazar-e-Sharif. Najaf’s travels took him through the war ravaged Pakistan, the limbo of Indonesia and the horror of Woomera Detention Centre. For over a year Najaf’s resilience was testes as he tried to maintain his sanity behind the barbed wire of the ‘November’ unit. Although the time period in which this happened was torturous, it shaped Najaf as a person and has inflicted events on him that he did not want to conceive. Rather than break his resolve Najaf’s desire to settle in a place of peace ‘where bombs do not fly overhead’ became even stronger. Najaf’s desire to be re-united with his family consumed his every thought and helped him stay strong despite the uncertainty of his visa application. Without a visa Najaf knew he would be sent home. This is why he feared breaking the rules and became a team player. Najaf has become an artwork- he is moulded by every experience he has and is tested at every corner he walks by. Each event in his life moulds something into the sculpture that is Najaf and if an event is too strong, the sculpture may break. But it is always up to Najaf to make the sculpture beautiful again. Najaf’s experience on the political side of conflict whilst seeking asylum highlighted what was most important in his life, peace, freedom and family.

Application of RFID Technology

Application of RFID Technology The discovery of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology was initially met with skepticism. Skeptics were not convinced of the practicability if its implementation and argued that its use was limited. However, it is so much part of life today that it is impossible to imagine life without it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of RFID Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More RFID technology utilizes radio waves to locate objects. It uses a system of unique codes placed on an object, which are transmitted as radio waves to an electronic identifier. An object can be read beyond its physical visibility range. RFID has three basic components namely: the tag placed on the object, the antenna reader and the computer software. The antenna emits a radio signal, which in turn activates the reading of the transporter tag. The transporter tag has a silicon chip with special encoded message, containing object data. The reader decodes this data and passes it to the computer software for interpretation. RFID is intended to enable the transmission of data from a mobile device, the transporter tag (see Fig. 1). The silicon chip in the transporter tag contains object such as the exact place of location, the date of manufacture, the color of the product, the price, or any other relevant information. Currently RFID is being used to track physical assets, identification of persons, tracking animals, in supply chains, in retail stores, as a mode of payment and in security controls (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to explain he modern uses of RFID technology and how it affects living. RFID has been found to be more advantageous than the Universal Product Code (UPC) system it replaced. Its range of operation is wider than the UPC. RFID readers can communicate with multiple tags, which do not need to be within sight, at the same time. Most importantly, these tags can store more information about the product than UPC (Umar, Einitz, Imunovic, Andeep, and Ranzon, 2009). One of the most prominent uses of RFID technology is in the food industry. It replaced the less effective Universal Product Code. To begin with, it is used in management of food supply chains. Electronic tags are placed on food items that help in identification during transportation and storage. Such reputable companies like Wal-Mart, uses RFID chips to track its products as they enter its supply and distribution chain. The British Telecommunications company has an innovative way of using RFID. It has created an online tracking system of food products called BT foodnet. This system reduces the cost and the time used on recalling substandard food products (Umar et al, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other than the supply chain managem ent, Umar et al (2009), explain that RFID is also useful in monitoring temperatures of sensitive food products. The attachment of RFID transporter tags allows for the recording of the temperature of food products and as a result, it becomes easier to evaluate their shelf life. The tags have visual display mechanism that indicates the status of the food item. For example if the item is beyond its shelf life the transporter, tag blinks red. Other RFID tags are a bit complicated and can read and store about 13000 temperature readings in a single instance. These tags can transmit the data for a distance of up to 100 meters. Lastly, this technology has also been useful in maintenance of food safety standards. In transportation and storage of perishable goods like meat and fruits, RFID tags are combined with thermometers that read the storage temperatures. This helps in determining whether the company meets safe food handling standards. It is also used to monitor and determine the ripenin g rates of horticultural products in transit (Umar et al, 2009). RFID has found easy application in mobile phone technology. Mobile phones are equipped with an RFID tag that gets is power form the device’s battery. This tag is supported by the mobile phone operating system, the software in use in the mobile phone device and the mobile phone hardware. Using the RFID technology, the mobile phone acts as the link between all mobile phone solution providers. The transporter tags are used to relay information to these solution providers, and can support and facilitate many inter-service transactions. Mobile phone operating systems have been developed in such a way that they are able to support reader tags used in mobile devices. The current mobile industry is linked with its widespread popularity in its games. The invention of Radio Frequency Identification have necessitated the games industries visualizing on how to design new games that will enable interactions of the virtual an d real worlds, where users can interact with objects that are in transits or stationary. The Radio Frequency Identification does not only mean the interaction of objectives, but also entails the use of other short-range communications such as the Bluetooth or WiFi. These require a source of power and thus can only operate using a passive tag or barcode. Formerly cell phones had an on board camera to decode the code on the camera or from an online database.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of RFID Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the existence of Radio Frequency Identification offers an alternative faster solution in mobile games and cameras as their tags can be accessed at a rate of up to 424 kbits/s, while the former barcodes used image capture and processing that is slow as it takes some seconds. Apart from its use in the game industry, the Radio Frequency Identification has found its a pplication as a credit card through a technology referred as Near- Field –communication. This mode of mobile phone payment is currently in its trial in US, Finland, Germany among others. The difference is that with NFC communication is two ways rather than one as in the case with Radio Frequency Identification credit card chips. This makes this new technology more advanced and secure. This occurs when an induced current flows in wire of the coil of NCF when one passes close or in a magnetic field that. Thus, when a mobile phone that is equipped with a NCF passes nearby a NCF- payment station that is producing electromagnetic field and that contain a coil of conductor inside makes an electric current that jumps in between the two coils to be generated. Through this process the user can use his/her mobile phone to transact as if he was using his/her credit card. Nokia 6131 is an example of NFC integrated phone. With such a phone apart from making mobile payments an user can loc k or unlock the door of your office (Layton, 2011). RFID has also proved invaluable technology to apply in hospitals. It is very efficient in management and administration of hospital operations. Gradually it has found acceptance as a solution that will reduce wastages in hospitals. Hospitals use RFID to monitor patient’s actual location, location of special medical equipment and management of patient information among many other functions. In management of patient’s information doctors can scan patient’s mobile tags and access their medical history. Hospital staff can also use the technology on patients before they arrive in hospital by encoding the patients name, condition and location. This makes it easer for hospital personnel to anticipate the arrival of such patients and to locate their movement within the hospital.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More RFID has replaced bar code technology, which was prone will errors that were too costly to hospitals. RFID has been found to be more useful than just improving the efficiency of manual tasks. It has not only been effectively used in tracking of special care patients that would pose a threat to the public, but also identify and isolate patients with specific ailments in big crowded hospitals. This was found effective in Asia in management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARs) outbreak. The Taiwanese government collaborated with Taipei Medical University Hospital (TMUH) in developing a system of patient tags, field readers and generators that identified the location of SARs victims. Patient’s tags had thermometers that would read patients temperatures. It became easier to identify, isolate and give urgent attention to these patients. Because of the potential of the RFID radio waves to interferer with the functioning of sophisticated medical equipment, the Washington Hospi tal Centre developed the ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency, which operates on lower strength signal, and therefore not powerful enough to interfere with these equipments (Chao, 2007). The use of RFID technology has not been without challenges. To begin with, it is such an expensive undertaking for any company that intends to implement this strategy. Most companies do not see the business sense of installing the whole system that supports the use of RFID, arguing that it has no return on investment. A considerable proportion of these gadgets are not reliable enough. The system also generates very huge amounts of data that most companies cannot manage, even with the help of RFID. Companies need qualified personnel to implement and run, which adds to cost of dong business. There are also privacy issues on the use of this technology, which may violate individual freedoms and liberties. Lastly, the system is prone to abuse. Fake tags can be used instead of genuine ones, thus evading detecti on of counterfeit goods (Attaran, 2009). Fig. 1: RFID technology. Source: Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility In conclusion, RFID technology is very useful in efficiency improvement in modern business practice. Not only does It provided real time information of objects but also creatively used management of complex situations such as identification and isolation of object that pose a threat. RFID has been embraced with considerable enthusiasm as it has more use than the traditional UPC. However, there are notable hindrances for its use, such as hacking, privacy issues, and cost implications, among others. Despite this, it is still being creatively used and its benefits far outweigh the demerits. References List Association for automatic identification and mobility. RFID / what is RFID?. Web. Attaran, M. (2009). Keeping the promise of efficiency: RFID trend and its renewed popularity. Industrial Engineer  Chao, J. (2007). Patient tracking system using RFID. Los Angeles: University of California, Layton, L. (2011).Can you use a cell phone as a credit card? Retrieved from https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/nfc-phone.htm Umar, P., Einitz, J., Imunovic, K., Andeep, and Ranzon, P. ( 2009). Overview of RFID technology and Its applications in the food industry. Journal of Food Science, 74. DOI 10.1111/j.1750-8841.01323.x

Investing in Energy assignment 03 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investing in Energy assignment 03 - Essay Example In a way I am an extension of my family’s ideals. My father built a stable life for us as best he could but things changed. I am now studying Finance with the help of my country’s support and trying to build a new kind of life where I am exposed to an entirely new set of ideals and beliefs every day. Where my family has been conservative and traditional, I believe that my generation is slightly more liberal minded and tries to think outside the box. I was born after great revolutions had already come and gone around the world. Growing up I saw the international media twist and turn; presidents were called to account for their offenses, countries were asked to shut down their nuclear programs, ties were strengthened with America and then protests broke out over those ties in the later years. I believe that the linear forces in my life i.e. the life style my parents tried to secure for me, my social status within society, education etc. helped me find my path. I could alw ays see money turning the world around which was what first attracted me to the field of finance. In terms of non-linear forces, I changed with the ever-changing world around me. I was introduced to new pop culture icons, politics and events taking place both within my country and globally. My peers brought about significant influences into my life.

Adopting Plans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Adopting Plans - Research Paper Example 114). For instance, an emergency plan for a city may be detailed and require large resources to be implemented. However, a plan for an institution such as a school may be small since it covers a small area and thus requires fewer resources. Although disasters occur unexpectedly some of them can be predicted as a result of past incidences. For instance, emergency operation plans for areas which are prone to natural disasters such as tornadoes or earthquakes may not be the same (Gallant, 2008, p.86). This is because the measures taken to tackle such kind of disasters are different. Therefore planners should conduct an assessment of their jurisdiction to determine the possible emergencies they may face and how they plan to tackle them (Alexander, 2002, p. 182). Finally, it is important for emergency planners to design their own plans because different locations or facilities differ in terms of physical design of their premises. In case of an emergency, the plan should outline the escape routes; identify safe areas where people should go and possible sources of medical aid (Gallant, 2008,

Neo Neo Debate in International Relations

Neo Neo Debate in International Relations The study of international relations is best thought as a protracted competition between the realist, liberal, and radical traditions (Stephen,1998). In international relations theory, there are four Great Debates argued by the international relations scholars. In this paper, the neo-neo debate to the study of international relations is the topic used to talk about. The neo-neo debate in international relations is known as a debate between scholars of neo-realist international relations theory and neo-liberal institutionalism (Steve, 2001). The neo-neo debate is not a debate between two completely opposite viewpoint. This paper is finished under the hammer at revealing the key features and the main contributions of the neo-neo debate to the study of International Relations. This paper is divided into three sections to finish the work. In the first section, the key features of the neo-neo debate to the study of International Relations show in this part. Section two focuses on the main contributions of the neo-neo debate to the study of International Relations. The last section relates to the conclusion of the whole paper. 2.0 Discussion about the features and contributions Neorealism and neoliberalism are the two most contemporary approached to international relations theory and they create the neo-neo debate which has dominated much of international relations theory for the last decade (Powell, 1994). Arguments on the consequence of both anarchy and gains and the prospect for peace form the basis of the neo-neo debate (Taylor, 2006). Though neorealist and neoliberal international relations theorists pursue different arguments, the neo-neo debate is not a debate between two polar opposite worldviews. They share assumptions which focus on similar questions and they agree on very similar, through not identical, set of assumptions about international politics. In a word, there are both similarities and disparity between neorealism and neoliberalism. Taylor (2006) thinks the similarities between thee two schools are from the neorealism. First, both of them think states are rational egoists. Unlikely the classical liberal proposition that the idealistic sel f-abnegation and self-regarding motivations of states (Hobson 2000), neoliberal scholars agree with neorealists that states are rational egoists so that they are self -interested. This similarity formed those baseline assumptions that neoliberalists began to question and argue with neorealism. Despite there are similarities between neorealism and neoliberalism, neoliberals maintained many of the key assumptions from the classical liberals. In this paper, there are some points under the neo-neo debate of international relations to show the incomplete opposite between neorealist and neoliberal international relations theories. Exactly those assumptions borrowed from neorealism and core classical liberalism produce the debate between neorealism and neoliberalism. First, the notion of anarchy in international relations is the most significant part among these two schools. To the classical realist, anarchy means that there is no government of governments and no authority in the world greater than the sovereign state (Fraser, 2010). But to the neorealist, anarchy is the organizing principle that makes states to act the way they do. The world is constituted of nations which are governed by states in relative anarchy (Axelrod Keohane 1993). States are supposed to be rational and unitary actors. In the world of anarchy, states have to use self-help as a predominant tool (Setear, 2010). Waltz (1979) thinks that the effect of anarchy is to create the principle of self-help, because a state can only depend on itself for its survival. States are unable to control in an anarchic climate so that they should prepare to be challenged by opportunistic, stronger states (Hobson 2000). Neorealists stand on the belief that the state is the most important actor in international politics to peace, but they also feel powerless to influence the peaceful action of other states. Though neoliberalism is different from Neorealism, it does not vote down the anarchic nature of the international relations. Scholars of neoliberalism emphasis the neorealists have exaggerated the importance and effect of anarchy. They think anarchy can be mitigated by international regimes and institutions. That is to say they argue that the neorealists underestimate the effect of institutionalised co operation. Neoliberalism believes that interstate cooperation could create institutions and regimes for the peaceful settlement of conflicts (Sheldon, 1994). Another core disparity within the neo-neo debate is the problem of absolute and relative gains. The difference of this disparity is obvious. Neorealists think that all states must be concerned with the absolute and relative gains which produce by international agreements and cooperative efforts. While neoliberals are less concerned about relative gains and considers that both of them will benefit from absolute gains. For neorealists, winning at all costs can make their friends be their enemy in war in the pursuit of relative gains (Taylor, 2006). For neoliberals, if states only pursue absolute gains, they can cooperate with each other and avoid conflict by maintaining the international principle through a positive game (Viotti and Kauppi 1987). This disparity has significant implications on the problems of security concerns of states and the prospects of world peace (Taylor, 2006). Hence neorealists consider conflicts as inevitable outcomes of international relations. Besides, neorea lists focus more on the short-term gains of states in competition while neoliberals pay more attention on longer-term absolute gains (Taylor, 2006). Hence neorealists place a higher emphasis on power-maximizing and security dilemma than economic prosperity (Baldwin, 1993). Neoliberals support that international institution can play an important role in resolving conflicts and that it can make states cooperate and work toward long-term gains rather than relay on short-term gains. Though neoliberals agree with neorealists on that states act only out of self-interest, they can not share the suggestion of neorealists about the possibility of international cooperation. The neo-neo debate has been the dominant focus in international relations theory scholarship in the USA for the last dozen years (Baylis Smith, 2006). Neorealism and neoliberalism turn to be conceptual frameworks which show people the images of the world rather than just theories. Both neorealism and neoliberalism have its limits and deficiencies. Neoliberalism emerged as a new liberal response to realism during the last decade of the Cold War. Interestingly, the neoliberals borrow many neorealist assumptions but distance themselves from the classical liberalist theory so they can restore integrity to liberal ideals (Taylor, 2006). Neoliberalism is always named as neoliberal institutionalism in the academic world. The development of neoliberal institutionalism presents a serious challenge for neorealist analysis. But the debate between them is still an inter-paradigm one. The neo-neo debate refers to the problems of state power, relations among different states, and relations betwee n state and non-state actors. Baylis and Smith (2006) point out neorealism and neoliberalism share many assumptions about actors, values, issues and power arrangements in the international relations theories. During the 1960s and 1970s, the appearance of non-state actors induced the world structure to change. Keohane and Nyne (1972) argue that a definition of politics in terms of state behaviours alone may lead us to ignore important non-governmental actors that allocate view. Then the neoliberalism came out to explain the changes of world structure. Neoliberals think states should not be seen as the unique actor in international politics. Its assumptions clearly challenges and distinguishes itself from neorealism. Neorealists think that states are the primary and unitary actors in international politics. But the truth is globalization provides opportunities and resource for transnational social movements have challenged the state authority and control in some areas (Baylis and Smith, 2006). That is no exaggeration to say that the neo-neo debate comply with the development of international politics. During the development of international relations theory, the development of each school is rooted in argument between different schools. Through those arguments, scholars of international relations extend their thoughts and explore more possibilities, shine their studies, and finally accept the strong points of the others and the weak points belong to themselves. Then they can rethink profoundly on their own theories and make recreation on their works. That is how neorealists and neoliberals affect each other and the development of international relations theories. Powell (1994) points out that much of the neo-neo debate can be seen as a response to Waltzs Theory of international politics and a reaction to those response. Waltzs key contribution to the international relations theories is the creation of neorealism which is also called structural realism by him. Neorealism is a reaction to the classical realism and leads the response from neoliberals. Then the debate between neoreali sm and neoliberals came out to discuss problems which exit in the international politics. The debate between neorealism and neoliberalism is much more deepen and careful than the debate between realism and liberalism. The approach used within the debate has its new features in evidence. It also opens up a new from of debate which not exclude each other and not easy to assert the fault of the other. Some scholars also think the neo-neo debate between these two theories have failed to contribute as much as they could have to the international relations theory. Powell (1994) thinks neorealism and neoliberalism have serious internal weakness and limitations which lead to the neo-neo debate present confuse rather than clarification. Maybe this shortcoming can also be looked as a contribution to the international relations theories. Scholars need to find much more directions for the future theoretical work after they have realized there were weakness and limitations within the neo-neo debate. 3.0 Conclusion Today, many of foundations of the interstate system are challenged by change in international norms. These changes have led to a debate among scholars about whether those international relations theories will survive in its current form or evolve into another theory that does not come out. Neoliberals believe economics is a driving force which can encouragingly increase cooperation among nations in international relations. While neorealists think that military force will continue decide what happens in the world. Both of them are right to some extant. And none of them will replace another. May another new debate will replace them someday, the neo-neo debate is still a great evolution of the study of international relations.

The University of Dayton Men’s Basketball Program :: Essays Papers

The University of Dayton Men’s Basketball Program There have been many historical moments with the University of Dayton Flyers Men’s Basketball team, but Mark Weaver recalls of the one that meant most to him. It took place on March 24, 1967, in Louisville’s Freedom Hall for the Final Four of the NCAA (National College Athletic Association) tournament against the highly favored North Carolina Tar Heels (Collett 228). This was the third straight NCAA tournament appearance for the Flyers, but their first ever Final Four (Collett 228). It turned out that the Flyers smashed North Carolina, seventy-six to sixty-two. Don May hit a record thirteen straight field goals and scored thirty-four points (Collett 228). Mark Weaver, a lifetime fan said, â€Å"I remember that game like it was yesterday, it almost brings tears to my eyes. I have never seen UD party like we did the night of that game. I have been following Dayton basketball since the mid-1960s and I have yet to witness the team getting a greater win than the one over the Tar Heels.† The basketball program, at UD, started back in 1903, when the school was called St. Mary’s Institute (Collett 17). The boys only played six games, and won five of the six (Collett 17). In 1920, the school changed its name to the University of Dayton; it had an unsuccessful season with only five wins and eight losses (Collett 13). The turning point of the program took place in 1950 when the team began to bring in more fans and more wins. Coach Tom Blackburn was in control of his Flyers better than anyone could have ever imagined. In 1950, he led the team to a twenty-four and eight season (Flyers). He demanded that it was time for the University to build a new field house that could seat many more fans (Collett 13). Fundraisers began to take place led by alumni and current students. Finally in November of 1950, a brand new five thousand seven hundred seated field house was built (Collett 13). The team kept on bringing in more wins and more fans, and the field house was filled every night (Collett 13). This was the beginning of a new dynasty for the University of Dayton Flyer’s Men’s Basketball program. The basketball games at the University of Dayton are unique in their own special way.